Research reportTEMPS-A: validation of a short version of a self-rated instrument designed to measure variations in temperament
Introduction
The Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-autoquestionnaire version (TEMPS-A) is based on interview versions of the depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and hyperthymic temperaments Akiskal, 1992, Akiskal and Akiskal, 1992, Akiskal and Mallya, 1987, Akiskal et al., 1977, Akiskal et al., 1979 which have been validated in an Italian population of 1010 students from ages 14 to 25 Placidi et al., 1998, Akiskal et al., 1998. The Italian study upheld the four-factor structure of TEMP-I (Interview or Italian version). The present self-rated (autoquestionnaire) version of TEMPS-A (see Akiskal et al., 2005, this issue) has been enriched with the addition of an anxious temperament (Akiskal, 1998), originally interview based (Akiskal, 1985, Hantouche and Akiskal, 2005, this issue), and subsequently developed into a full anxious self-rated subscale.
As described in our companion article (Akiskal et al., 2005, this issue), the original version of TEMPS-A included for each subscale, sections on emotional reactivity (e.g., depressive, labile, irritable or joyous), cognitive (e.g., pessimistic vs. optimistic), psychomotor (e.g., low vs. high energy), and circadian (mostly sleep related) and social (e.g., such behavioral traits as being a follower, a boss, frequently falling in and out of love). The generalized anxious temperament (GAT; Akiskal, 1998), in particular, was defined by traits which could be useful in a socio-ethologic context (e.g., worrying about family members).
In sum, the subscales of the TEMPS-A attempt to capture not only emotional, cognitive, psychomotor and circadian traits which might predispose one to major mood disorders, but could also serve an adaptive role in an evolutionary context Akiskal, 1998, Akiskal, 2000, Akiskal, 2003, Akiskal et al., 1979.
Section snippets
Subjects
Our sample consisted of 510 research volunteers recruited by two independent research programs between June 1996 and August 1999. The Mental Health Clinical Research Center of the Department of Psychiatry of the University of California at San Diego (UCSD) recruited individuals with major depressive disorder (n=160) and healthy volunteers without family history of mood disorders (n=95) for clinical studies. The UCSD Department of Psychiatry Genetic Research Program recruited individuals with
Subscale construction
Because 145 out of 510 questionnaires were of an older 84-item version—where the 26 items covering anxious temperament were absent—principal components analysis was conducted in two separate steps. At first, we factor-analyzed the 84 items covering the depressive, cyclothymic, hyperthymic, and irritable temperaments. PCA followed by Varimax rotation identified four factors. Thirty-six items of the 84 original items loaded on one of the factors with a value equal to or greater than 0.35, with no
Discussion
The TEMPS-A in its shortened version of 39 (out of the originally proposed 110) items has shown excellent internal consistency for all but one of its five factors. This is due to the fact that the anxious subscale was added at a later stage and only 345 subjects received it. Overall, the proposed five factor structure of TEMPS-A, consisting of cyclothymic, dysthymic, irritable, hyperthymic, and anxious subscales, is upheld.
Concurrent validity against the Temperament and Character Inventory has
Acknowledgements
The construction of the TEMPS-A was initiated when the first author served as Senior Science Advisor to the NIMH Director (1990–1994).This research was supported by grants from NIMH M01 RR00827, MH18399, MH30914-21, MH47612, MH49746, MH57134-04, and MH59567, from the Department of Veterans Affairs, from Novartis (Dr. Kelsoe), and from CAPES/Brazil (Dr. Mendlowicz). In chronological order, as of 1993, Drs. Guilio Perugi (Pisa, Italy), Francois Allilaire (Paris, France), Jean-Michel Azorin
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