Review articleAcute pathophysiological influences of conducted electrical weapons in humans: A review of current literature
Section snippets
Central nervous system
The transient high-voltage and low current waveforms of CEWs, which are transformed into the target by two darts (electrodes), over-ride the command and control system of the human body and immobilize the target (s.c. electromuscular disruption, EMD). The result is an uncoordinated muscular contraction of the majority of the skeletal muscles. According to Despa et al. [21] the reason for this phenomenon lies in the stimulation of multiple spinal reflexes. In their research on anesthetized pigs
Cardiovascular system
It is well known, that external stimulation of the heart by high voltage discharges can influence the internal electrical activity of the heart [29] and lead to cardiac arrhythmia and ventricular fibrillation [30], [31]. The effect of the electricity hereby depends on the heart's state of agitation and the current applied. The threshold for myocardial contraction current and voltage varies with impulse duration, which means that shorter pulse duration requires larger amounts of current in order
Neuroendocrine and sympatho-adrenergic system
When exposed to the electrical waveforms of CEWs, the sympathetic-adrenal-medulla axis and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis are challenged to cope with the induced stress-reaction of the human body. There has been speculation whether an increase in catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline, norepinephrine, and dopamine) could trigger ergotropic effects and influence heart contraction and metabolism and lead to a life-threatening situation such as the so called excited delirium. In this
Musculoskeletal system
On impact two harpoon-like probes penetrate the body surface and create an electric field, which does not directly activate the muscle tissue, but stimulates type A-α motoneurons [21], [22], [33]. The impulse is then forwarded to the neuromuscular junction terminal, initiating a tonic muscle contraction. The final effect of the CEW application depends on the electrophysiological characteristics of the current flow and on the localization and distance of the electrodes. Maximal tension of the
Conclusion
The majority of current medical research could not find acute clinical relevant pathophysiological effects during or after professional use of CEWs on human subjects.
However, since not every aspect of possible acute pathophysiological influences of conducted electrical weapons in humans has been evaluated yet, medical supervision of exposed patients is essential.
Limitations
In most of the current literature on CEWs, tests are done on subjects with no significant medical history and the CEW devices are applied as indicated by the company. Furthermore no testing has been done on persons intoxicated by illegal substances. Since individuals in the field often receive multiple shocks in extreme situations, which have not been discussed in this article, possible TASER conducted electrical weapon-related injuries or pathophysiological changes cannot be excluded for these
Conflicts of interest
This paper is a result of literature research, which was not funded and there is no actual or potential conflict of interest in relation to this article.
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