Development and validation of the Detail and Flexibility Questionnaire (DFlex) in eating disorders
Research highlights
► New self-report scale measuring attention to detail and cognitive rigidity in eating disorders. ► Exploratory factor analysis, item response analysis and psychometrics presented. ► Higher scores on DFlex subscales in current and recovered eating disorder groups. ► DFlex is a useful tool for research and clinical settings without neuropsychological resource.
Introduction
New models to explain anorexia nervosa (AN) have focussed on underlying mechanisms that cover vulnerability in addition to maintaining factors. The Maudsley Maintenance Model of AN (Schmidt & Treasure, 2006) details four domains that contribute to the maintenance of AN, the first of which is obsessive–compulsive personality traits. It has long been known that obsessive–compulsive traits are common in the eating disorders (Halmi et al., 2005, Kaye et al., 1993) and impact on recovery (Crane, Roberts, & Treasure, 2007), however assessment has largely focussed on the behavioural and diagnostic aspects of obsessive–compulsive disorder such as ordering and cleaning behaviours. Over the last few years, focus has started to shift from visible behaviours of those with an eating disorder to underlying cognition by investigating neurocognitive profile (Treasure, 2007, Treasure et al., 2007). This paper will focus on two cognitive styles identified through neuropsychological assessment that may fall under the obsessive–compulsive umbrella.
Cognitive flexibility or set-shifting, the ability to be flexible with one's mindset in adapting to new task demands or changes in situations, is a key aspect of executive function. A meta-analytic review identified 15 studies in the literature assessing set-shifting in the eating disorders, with consistent difficulties seen across AN, bulimia nervosa (BN) and recovered AN groups using neuropsychological tasks such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Trail Making Task, and the Brixton Test (Roberts et al., 2007, Tchanturia et al., 2005). Set-shifting has been implicated as an endophenotype of eating disorders (Holliday et al., 2005, Roberts et al., 2010, Treasure et al., 2007), and proposed as part of a cognitive neuroscience hypothesis of AN (Steinglass & Walsh, 2006). This trait can manifest both in aspects of the patients' everyday life (e.g. rigid housekeeping routines) and in terms of illness symptomology (e.g. rules around food preparation/choice of food).
More recently, the concept of weak coherence (formally referred to as “weak central coherence”, see Happe & Booth, 2008) has been explored in the eating disorders. In the main this tendency to focus on intricate detail rather than the general tendency to integrate parts in their global context has been extensively studied in the autism literature (Happe, 2005). Research evidence suggests that this inherent bias toward detail is also present in the eating disorder population, as measured by tasks such as the Embedded Figures Task, Matching Familiar Figures Task, and the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (Lopez et al., 2008, Lopez et al., 2008a, Lopez et al., 2008b, Oldershaw et al., 2011, Roberts et al., submitted for publication, Southgate et al., 2008, Tokley and Kemps, 2007). A focus on detail is exemplified by the obsessive attention to precise calorie content of food items in AN.
It is of clinical interest to examine how these neurocognitive styles may shape behaviours. This has been a focus of interest in the literature on autism. Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, Martin, and Clubley (2001) developed the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) which incorporates domains that represent both social cognition and information processing biases seen in autism. Two of the domains represented in the AQ approximate cognitive flexibility (attentional shifting subscale) and weak coherence (attention to detail subscale), where people with autism report elevated scores on both subscales (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001). Pilot research suggested that whilst the attentional shifting subscale of the AQ discriminated between AN patients and controls, the attention to detail subscale did not (Hambrook, Tchanturia, Schmidt, Russell, & Treasure, 2008). On further investigation, it is likely that the detail subscale of the AQ is conceptually insensitive in what is a majority female clinical group, for example a large number of items are biassed toward masculine traits (e.g. “I usually notice car number plates, or similar strings of information”). Therefore the aim of the present study is to design and validate a self-report measure of behaviours possibly linked to poor set-shifting and weak coherence relevant to the eating disorder population. It is hypothesised that scores on this measure will be reliably higher amongst eating disorder patients compared to controls.
Section snippets
Item pool generation
A group of experienced clinicians and researchers working at the Institute of Psychiatry at the Maudsley Hospital in London generated items targeting inflexible and detail focussed behaviours. Items were drawn from clinical observation and experience, and from comments, feedback or letters from patients themselves regarding aspects of their cognitive style. Additionally, items of relevance from the AQ (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) were included, with the authors' permission. This list was then
Participant demographics
The first group of participants (and those used for the psychometric analyses) consisted of 202 volunteers, all with a lifetime diagnosis of a DSM-IV eating disorder as measured by the EDDS (AN = 68.6%; BN = 16.2%; EDNOS = 15.1%). Mean age was 36.56 (SD = 12.11). Mean body mass index (current) was 19.21 (SD = 5.15) with a lowest BMI ever of 16.65 (SD = 6.59). All but four of the samples were female, with 97.8% being of White British ethnicity. Just over half (53.8%) had a university qualification. Just
Discussion
This paper has presented a new self-report measure to assess levels of coherence and set-shifting ability, designed with the eating disorder population in mind. The Detail and Flexibility Questionnaire (DFlex) is a brief 24-item measure where responses are measured on a 6-point Likert scale. Factor analysis on the pilot 54-item questionnaire suggested a two factor model (cognitive rigidity and attention to detail), which fitted our conceptual intention. Item response analysis suggested further
Conclusion
This paper presents a new self-report measure of the neurocognitive traits cognitive flexibility and attention to detail as they manifest in everyday life. It is hoped that this measure will enable both researchers and clinicians without the resource of formal neuropsychological assessment to gain a level of understanding as to whether weak coherence and/or set-shifting difficulties are of relevance for their patients.
Role of funding source
Authors MR and CL were supported during this study by Nina Jackson Research Fellowships in partnership with the Psychiatry Research Trust (registered charity 284286).
Contributors
Authors MR and CL designed the protocol and supervised data collection. Author MR organised the data and wrote the manuscript. Author SB conducted the statistical analyses. Authors KT and JT provided expert supervision of the project. All authors were involved in item generation, contributed to manuscript editing, and have approved the final manuscript.
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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2022, Journal of Psychiatric ResearchCitation Excerpt :Thinking styles. Participants completed the Dflex (Roberts et al., 2011), which provides two subscale scores: (1) Cognitive rigidity (which encompasses difficulty with set-shifting and limited psychological flexibility); and (2) attention to detail (which includes difficulties looking at the “big picture” and presenting as overly detail-oriented; Roberts et al., 2011). Participants were asked to rate each item on a 5-point Likert scale where 1 = Strongly Disagree, and 5 = Strongly Agree.