Clinical research: clinical trial
Anemia predicts mortality in severe heart failure: The prospective randomized amlodipine survival evaluation (PRAISE)

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Abstract

Objectives

Our aim was to examine the relationships between serum hematocrit (Hct) and risk of all-cause mortality among patients with severe heart failure (HF).

Background

Anemia occurs with increased frequency in severe HF. However, few studies have examined the impact of anemia on mortality in this population.

Methods

Using a prospective cohort design, we evaluated the relationships between baseline serum Hct and mortality among 1,130 patients with left ventricular EF <30% and New York Heart Association functional class IIIB or IV HF treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, and digitalis. Mortality was ascertained by centralized adjudication.

Results

The mean Hct was 41.8% (range 25.4% to 58.8%). Over 15 months of mean follow-up, there were 407 deaths (29 per 100 person-years). After adjustment for potential confounders, those in the lowest quintile of Hct (range 25.4% to 37.5%) had a 52% higher risk of death (hazard ratio 1.52, 95% confidence interval 1.11 to 2.10), compared with the highest quintile (range 46.1% to 58.8%). Within the lowest quintile of Hct, each 1% decrease in Hct was associated with an 11% higher risk of death (p < 0.01), whereas within the four higher quintiles of Hct, Hct was not associated with total mortality. Evaluation of different causes of death indicated that a lower Hct was strongly associated with death from progressive HF, rather than sudden death or other deaths.

Conclusions

Among patients with severe HF, anemia is a significant independent risk factor for death, with a progressively higher risk with increasing severity of anemia. Further investigation of the etiologies, prevention, and treatment of anemia in severe HF is warranted.

Abbreviations

CI
confidence interval
EF
ejection fraction
Hct
hematocrit
HF
heart failure
HR
hazard ratio
MI
myocardial infarction
NYHA
New York Heart Association
PRAISE
Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation

Cited by (0)

Dr. Mozaffarian was supported by a VA Health Services Research and Development fellowship at the VA Puget Sound Health Care System. The data used in this analysis were collected by the PRAISE Study Group and provided by Pfizer PGRD; no funding support was provided by Pfizer PGRD for this analysis or manuscript.