Papel de la laparoscopia ante la masa renal menor de 4 cmRole of laparoscopy in the presence of a renal mass under 4 cm in size

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Resumen

El incremento en el diagnóstico incidental de masas renales pequeñas (MRP) -menores de 4cm- ha obligado a considerar tratamientos mínimamente invasivos para las mismas, sobre todo por el alto porcentaje de patologías no malignas indistinguibles de las tumorales radiológicamente. El acceso laparoscópico ha cobrado por tanto una importancia capital en el manejo de dichas masas, en un intento de disminuir la morbilidad de la lumbotomía.

La nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica (NPL) es una técnica en evolución en la mayoría de centros que por un lado compite con la nefrectomía parcial abierta como técnica de elección y por otro lado competirá en un futuro con las técnicas no exeréticas. Estas también se han podido desarrollar de una manera más precisa gracias a la laparoscopia.

En este artículo pretendemos, basándonos en una revisión estandarizada de la prolífica literatura a cerca del tratamiento de la MRP, revisar las innovaciones tecnológicas y las mejoras técnicas que la vía de abordaje laparoscópica nos va deparando, no solo como técnica exerética, sino como vehículo de tratamientos mínimamente invasivos, remarcando también los requerimientos de los Servicios de Urología y las mejoras que podrían hacerse en los sistemas sanitarios para que la NPL ganara terreno en el tratamiento de la MRP.

La progresiva depuración de la técnica y la mejora del arsenal laparoscópico y de agentes hemostasiantes van a incrementar la indicación de NPL en un futuro. La escasa frecuencia de la patología y la necesidad de optimizar la técnica, obligarían a los responsables sanitarios a centralizar esta patología en centros con experiencia en laparoscopia y en nefrectomía parcial abierta.

Abstract

The increasingly common incidental diagnosis of small renal masses (SRMs)(measuring under 4 cm in size) has led to the consideration of applying minimally invasive techniques to deal with them - particularly in view of the high percentage of non-malignant conditions of this size that are radiologically indistinguishable from tumor lesions. Accordingly, laparoscopic access has gained great importance in the management of these masses, in an attempt to lessen the morbidity associated with lumbotomy.

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) is an evolving technique in most centers; on one hand it competes with open partial nephrectomy as the technique of choice, and on the other it will compete in the future with the non-excisional management techniques. These latter procedures in turn have become more precise thanks to laparoscopy.

Based on a standardized review of the abundant literature on the treatment of SRMs, the present study examines the technical innovations and improvements afforded by the laparoscopic approach, not only for excision purposes but also a vehicle for minimally invasive treatments. Likewise, the requirements of Services of Urology and the improvements that could be introduced in health systems for advancing the application of LPN in the management of SRMs are commented.

Progressive fine-tuning of the technique, with improvement of the laparoscopic repertoire and availability of hemostatic agents, will contribute to increase the indications for LPN in the future. The limited frequency of the disorder and the need to optimize the technique will require health care supervisors to centralize this type of pathology in centers with experience in laparoscopy and open partial nephrectomy.

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