Elsevier

Radiotherapy and Oncology

Volume 50, Issue 1, 1 January 1999, Pages 47-55
Radiotherapy and Oncology

Relationship between tumour cell in vitro radiosensitivity and clinical outcome after curative radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8140(98)00129-7Get rights and content

Abstract

Background and purpose: Clinically, it is recognized that individual tumours respond differently to radiation treatment. Variation in tumour cell radiosensitivity is believed to be an important underlying factor. In the current study, cellular in vitro radiosensitivity was estimated as the fraction of surviving cells after a radiation dose of 2 Gy (SF2) and related to clinical outcome after curative radiotherapy.

Patients and methods: Thirty-eight patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with curative radiotherapy alone. Pre-treatment biopsies were disaggregated to form a single-cell suspension and cells were cultured in the modified Courtenay–Mills soft agar clonogenic assay. Directly from this assay and with no respect to cell type, overall SF2 was assessed. By collecting the obtained colonies on a preparation slide using a colony-filter technique, and with immunocytochemical staining, it was possible to measure the surviving fraction of tumour cells selectively as tumour cell SF2.

Results: Experimentally, a broad inter-tumour variation was found for both tumour cell SF2 and overall SF2. Using weighted linear regression, it was demonstrated that tumour cell SF2 and overall SF2 were two independent measures of tumour radiosensitivity. In general, the measures of tumour radiosensitivity were independent of patient sex and age, T- and N-category, disease stage, tumour size and plating efficiency. Among the 38 patients grouped in loco-regional failures and patients with loco-regional control, respectively, sex, age, total radiation dose, overall treatment time and tumour grade were equally distributed. Advanced stage, lymph node involvement and tumour size correlated statistically significantly with poor loco-regional control. Neither tumour cell SF2, overall SF2, nor plating efficiency predicted loco-regional tumour control probability. In a multivariate analysis with respect to the risk of loco-regional tumour failure, only disease stage yielded independent prognostic significance. This significance suggests that this patient sample was representative for the patient population with head and neck cancer.

Conclusion: In 38 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, the estimated tumour radiosensitivities were not statistically related to clinical outcome after curative radiotherapy alone.

Introduction

It is well known that the radiation response of human tumours varies widely from one patient to another, which may partly be accounted for by variation in tumour cell radiosensitivity. A theoretical study, analysing the effect of inter-patient variation in tumour radiosensitivity on the accuracy of predictive tests, showed that assays based on in vitro tumour cell radiosensitivity were more likely to correlate with clinical outcome after radiotherapy than other assays [38]. Similarly, several experimental studies have suggested that tumour cell in vitro radiosensitivity, estimated by the fraction of surviving cells after a radiation dose of 2 Gy (SF2), is likely to be a useful parameter for predicting clinical tumour response to radiation therapy [8], [9], [16], [18], [19], [30], [31]. However, in clinical studies culturing primary tumour specimens [12], [42], [17] and human cell lines [3], [29], [37], the usefulness of tumour cell radiosensitivity as a predictor of tumour response to radiotherapy is far from an unequivocal matter.

Detection of real differences in cellular radiosensitivity among tumours depends on the reproducibility of the assay. Generally, a considerable inter-patient variability in SF2, and a relatively small intra-patient variation will increase the predictive accuracy of an in vitro test [27]. An analysis by Bentzen [4], taking an assumed inter-patient variability in tumour cell radiosensitivity into account, allowed the relatively shallow dose-response curves observed clinically for tumours to be broken down into a series of very steep curves. Each dose-response curve would apply to a homogeneous subgroup of patients, stratified according to radiosensitivity. From the different dose-response curves, it could be expected that some of the subpopulations would have a greater therapeutic window than other subpopulations [4]. Thus, if these subgroups could be identified before the start of treatment, using a reliable predictive assay, a substantial therapeutic benefit may be realized. A modified Courtenay–Mills soft agar clonogenic assay was established for estimating cellular radiosensitivity in specimens from squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck [34], [36]. It was demonstrated that this soft agar clonogenic assay is also a substrate for remarkable growth of fibroblasts arising from the tumour stroma. Therefore, a colony-filter technique and a method for immunocytochemical staining were developed for typing the colony founder cell. The current assay produces in vitro data on both tumour cell radiosensitivity (tumour cell SF2), fibroblast radiosensitivity (fibroblast SF2), and an overall estimate irrespective of cell type (overall SF2) from the same tumour and individual [33], [34], [36]. A considerable inter-patient variability in all SF2 measures has been obtained, and the assay has shown to be reproducible [34]. Overall SF2 and tumour cell SF2 were not related to tumour and patient-related factors, except for increasing tumour cell in vitro radiosensitivity being significantly correlated with decreasing histopathological differentiation [34]. The aim of the present study was to test if tumour cell SF2 and overall SF2 measured in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck were able to predict clinical outcome of individual patients treated with curative radiotherapy. The current work is part of an analysis on predictive parameters in radiotherapy of head and neck cancer. This analysis included estimation of tumour oxygenation [25], tumour cell kinetics [22], normal tissue radiosensitivity [23] and tumour cell radiosensitivity.

Section snippets

Patients and tumours

One-hundred and five patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck entered the study. Among these, successful in vitro experiments were obtained in biopsies from 71 patients. Sixty-three of these patients had primary tumours whereas eight patients had recurrent tumours, as previously described [34].

Thirty-eight of the patients with primary tumours were treated with curative radiotherapy alone. Seven were females. Median age was 60 years (range 38-81). All patients were eligible for

Parameters of cellular in vitro radiosensitivity

Plating efficiency and SF2 values were obtained for all 38 patients, and the individual patient's data are listed in Table 1. Tumour radiosensitivity was characterized by the tumour cell SF2 and by overall SF2, which were both distributed over large ranges as illustrated in Fig. 1. Median SF2 values (with ranges) are given in Table 2. Using weighted linear regression, the tumour cell SF2 and overall SF2 showed to be two independent measures of tumour radiosensitivity in the patients for which

Discussion

The present study involved a rather small sample of patients followed for more than 1 year after being treated by primary radiotherapy with curative intent according to the DAHANCA guideline. Even though the number of patients was limited, a range of clinical parameters was evaluated with respect to treatment outcome and association with in vitro parameters. Advanced stage was correlated with poor loco-regional control, indicating that the patient sample is representative for a population of

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge Ms. A. Baden for qualified assistance in the laboratory, as well as Dr. M.R. Horsman and Dr. O.S. Nielsen for critically reading the manuscript. This study was supported from the Danish Cancer Society, the Clinical Research Unit at the Oncology Center, Aarhus University Hospital, and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark.

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