Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1: a biochemical marker of endometrial response to progestin during hormone replacement therapy
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The role of androgens and the androgen receptor in cycling endometrium
2012, Molecular and Cellular EndocrinologyCitation Excerpt :PCOS affects between 4% and 23% of women, where ovarian hyperandrogenaemia is the most consistent endocrine feature (Sulcova et al., 1997). Interestingly, ovarian theca cells of women with PCOS constitutively secrete increased amounts of androgens, through elevated intrinsic activity of P450c17, 17βHSD and 3βHSD enzymes (Suvanto-Luukkonen et al., 1995). Therefore, the ovaries serve as the primary contributor to hyperandrogenaemia.
Current issues in the management of endometrial cancer
2008, Mayo Clinic ProceedingsCitation Excerpt :Obesity remains a risk factor for EC even when circulating concentrations of estrogen are normal, perhaps because of a reduction in sex hormone-binding globulins and the resultant increase in bioavailable estrogen.6 Estrogen receptor transcriptional activity can also be induced by insulinlike growth factor 1 in the absence of estradiol, providing evidence of cross-talk between these pathways.10–14 Physical inactivity, high caloric intake, blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg, and high serum glucose concentrations are additional BMI-independent risk factors.9,15–18
Endometrial cancer
2005, LancetCitation Excerpt :The use of an intrauterine device and tubal ligation have also been associated with a lower risk.74,75 Whether a levonorgestrel-containing intrauterine device further protects is unclear.51 Contraceptive pills containing oestrogens and progestagens lower the endometrial-cancer risk.76
The levonorgestrel intrauterine system in menopausal hormone replacement therapy: Five-year experience
1999, Fertility and SterilityPharmacodynamic aspects of sustained release preparations
1998, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews