In vivo degradation of oxidized, regenerated cellulose

doi:10.1016/0008-6215(90)84303-C

Carbohydrate Research

Volume 198, Issue 2, 1 May 1990, Pages 331-341

https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(90)84303-C Get rights and content

Abstract

Oxidized, regenerated cellulose (ORC) was surgically implanted on the uterine horns of rabbits, and its biodegradation was studied in vivo. Samples of peritoneal lavages, serum, and urine were collected during the degradation process and analyzed for carbohydrate components utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (h.p.l.c.-p.a.d.). Degradation was rapid, and oligomeric products were evident primarily in the peritoneal fluid from the implantation site, with no apparent accumulation in either the serum or the urine. The size distribution and the amount of the oligomeric products decreased after day one, and by day four peritoneal lavages were essentially free of oligomers. The structure of the products formed was consistent with the lability of the polymer in solution, and the kinetics of degradation paralleled the results of the previously reported in vitro studies. Rabbit peritoneal macrophages, when incubated with ORC in vitro were observed to readily ingest and hydrolyze the polymeric material. A mechanism of degradation consisting of chemical depolymerization, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis mediated by glycosidases endogenous to peritoneal macrophages, is proposed.

References (10)

C.B. Linsky and L. Kamp, unpublished...
C.B. Linsky et al.
J. Reprod. Med.
(1987)
M.P. Diamond et al.
Microsurgery
(1987)
S.D. Dimitrijevich, M. Tatarko, and R.W. Gracy, unpublished...
S.D. Demitrijevich, M. Tatarko, R.W. Gracy, C.B. Linsky, and C. Olsen, Carbohydr. Res., in...
R.D. Rocklin et al.
J. Liq. Chromatogr.
(1983)

There are more references available in the full text version of this article.

Cited by (70)

Intelligent high-tech coating of natural biopolymer layers
2022, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science
Polymeric materials play a vital role in our daily life, but the growing concern for the environment demands economical and natural biopolymers that can be cross-linked to create technologically innovative lightweight materials. Their cellular matrix with extreme flexibility makes them highly acceptable for application prospects in material science, engineering, and biomedical applications. Furthermore, their biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and structural diversity provide a gateway to research them to form technologically important materials. In the light of the same, the review covers cellulose derivatives. The first section of the study covers the general properties and applications of cellulose and its derivatives. Then, the biopolymers are characterised based on their dielectric properties, crystallinity, rheology, and mechanical properties. An in-depth analysis of the diffuse process of swelling and dissolution followed by a brief discussion on diffusion and diffusion of crosslinking has been done. The review also covers a section on swelling and swelling kinetics of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). The examination of all the aforementioned parameters gives an insight into the future aspects of the biopolymers. Lastly, the study briefly covers some preferred choices of cross-linking agents and their effect on the biopolymers.
Biodegradable cellulose-based superabsorbent as potent hemostatic agent
2021, Chemical Engineering Journal
Citation Excerpt :
TEM revealed that the macrophages attach to and appear to endocytose the ORC so that numerous endocytic c vacuoles containing the complex lead salt are seen within the cells, as well as images of the macrophages appearing to engulf the adjacent ORC. This phase of clearance of ORC complements the hydration/gelling and subsequent chemical depolymerization processes [64]. Thus, a mechanism of clearance which includes a rapid and localized macrophage-assisted biodegradation is preferred over a slower systemic process.
Engineering of effective and biocompatible hemostatic materials to control massive bleeding is one of the interesting research fields. Herein, cellulose-based polymer modified by silica aerogel and calcium chloride was used for suitable control of bleeding. Novel developed superabsorbent (NDS) was synthesized by chemical and physical cross-linking methods. NDS not only quickly absorbs a high amount of blood component (60 g/g), but it can also adhere strongly (~90 KPa) to damaged tissue. The contributions of the freeze-drying method and presence of silica aerogel as structural modifiers led to the creation of a superabsorbent with a porosity percentage of 70% which creates a significant ability to absorb blood cells. NDS negative surface charge and presence of silica nanoparticles and calcium ions accelerate activation of the coagulation cascade process. Superior hemostatic ability of NDS compared to commercial hemostatic powder (Gelita-Cel® and Traumastem®) was proved by complementary tests such as blood absorption content, RBC attachment, blood clotting index (BCI), platelet adhesion, clotting time test and partial thromboplastin time (PTT). In vivo study results demonstrate that the NDS could successfully decrease bleeding time and blood loss amount in Wistar rat’s cut-out femoral artery, 2.25 and 4.3 fold better than Gelita-Cel® and 2.13 and 4.4 fold better than Traumastem®. NDS biodegradability was proved by its implantation inside the Wistar rat's body during 14 days. Biochemical, hematological, and pathological tests did not show inflammation and toxic effects in the liver and renal tissues, skin tissues, and alteration in complete blood count parameters (CBC) in NDS treated Wistar rats. In conclusion, the cellulose-based NDS hemostatic biomaterial is suggested for future clinical trial studies due to its powerful ability in bleeding control.
Cellulose fibers-reinforced self-expanding porous composite with multiple hemostatic efficacy and shape adaptability for uncontrollable massive hemorrhage treatment
2021, Bioactive Materials
Citation Excerpt :
Except the contact activation of the blood coagulation cascade, the acidic pH and the negative charges of these modified cellulose fibers are also considered to induce platelet aggregation, activation, and stimulate intrinsic pathway of the coagulation system. Modified cellulose-based materials are also reported to be biodegradable via enzymatic (glycosidase-based) and macrophagic processes [17], and the low pH generated by their chemical groups can inhibit the growth of some bacterial strains [18]. Recent studies have found that modified cellulose can be uniformly dispersed in the matrix of synthetic polymers (PVA, PAA, etc.) or natural polymers (fibrin, chitosan, alginate, etc.) to not only enhance their mechanical properties but also impart clotting properties to the polymer materials [19,20].
Uncontrollable hemorrhage leads to high mortality and thus effective bleeding control becomes increasingly important in the military field and civilian trauma arena. However, current hemostats not only present limitation when treating major bleeding, but also have various side effects. Here we report a self-expanding porous composites (CMCP) based on novel carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) fibers and acetalized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for lethal hemorrhage control. The CMC fibers with uniform fibrous structure, high liquid absorption and procoagulant ability, are evenly interspersed inside the composite matrix. The obtained composites possess unique fiber-porous network, excellent absorption capacity, fast liquid-triggered self-expanding ability and robust fatigue resistance, and their physicochemical performance can be fine-tuned through varying the CMC content. In vitro tests show that the porous composite exhibits strong blood clotting ability, high adhesion to blood cells and protein, and the ability to activate platelet and the coagulation system. In vivo hemostatic evaluation further confirms that the CMCP presents high hemostatic efficacy and multiple hemostatic effects in swine femoral artery major hemorrhage model. Additionally, the CMCP will not fall off from the injury site, and is also easy to surgically remove from the wound cavity after the hemostasis. Importantly, results of CT tomography and 3D reconstruction indicate that CMCP can achieve shape adaptation to the surrounding tissues and the wound cavities with different depths and shapes, to accelerate hemostasis while protecting wound tissue and preventing infection.
Linear polysaccharides reduce production of inflammatory cytokines by LPS-stimulated bovine fibroblasts
2021, Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology
Citation Excerpt :
Cellulose (gauze) is only degraded in the presence of microbes as mammals lack appropriate enzymes for cellulose hydrolysis (Leschine, 1995). Partial oxidation of cellulose to produce ORC improves degradation via eukaryotic enzymes (Dimitrijevich et al., 1990a, b; Frantz, 1943). However, a majority of the unoxidized product remains as cellulose (Kumar and Tang, 1999).
Chronic lesions in the limbs of farm animals cause lameness due to chronic infection and inflammation. Exploratory treatments for chronic wounds in humans may be suitable for adaptation into the field of animal care. Specifically, antimicrobial linear polysaccharides like oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) and chitin/chitosan are biodegradable hemostats that are being explored to promote healing of chronic wounds but have not been directly compared using the same biological specimen. Despite their current use in humans, linear polysaccharides possess features that may preclude their use as biodegradable bandages. For example, ORC promotes inflammation when it remains in vivo and chitin/chitosan stimulate size-dependent proinflammatory responses. In order to assess the use of these materials to treat chronic wounds we have compared their effects on cellular toxicity and in stimulating the production of proinflammatory cytokines by bovine epidermal fibroblasts. While neither polysaccharide increased cell mortality, on average, they caused minor alterations in expression of proinflammatory cytokines from cells isolated from different animals. Both polysaccharides reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines stimulated by microbial lipopolysaccharide. We conclude that the polysaccharides used in this study are relatively inert and may improve healing of chronic epidermal wounds in farm animals.
Bioactive bacterial cellulose membrane with prolonged release of chlorhexidine for dental medical application
2020, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
Citation Excerpt :
Dimitrijevich et al., (1990) described that the solubilization of the material occurred by β-elimination initiated depolymerization, generating oligosaccharide and monosaccharide components. The initial chemical degradation is followed by a macrophage digestion of oligosaccharides metabolized with hydrolytic enzymes including β-D-glucosidase and β-D-glucuronidase [38]. Singh et al. (1979) observed a faster degradation of partially oxidized cellulose just after implantation, where amorphous regions are absorbed.
Bioabsorbable barrier membrane is desired in dental medicine for treatment of periodontal diseases caused by different types of bacteria. Bioactive and bioabsorbable bacterial cellulose (BC) is a promising material for such application. However, a key challenge to implement this approach is produce BC membranes selectively oxidized and loaded with a bactericide, in order to modulate bioabsortion time and bactericide effect, respectively. In the present study, the drug model chlorhexidine (CHX) was chosen and NaIO₄ was used as oxidizing agent. To modulate CHX release and efficacy, inclusion complexes of CHX with β-cyclodextrin (CHX:βCD) were synthesized. A linear dependence between degree of oxidation (DO) and oxidant concentration was found (DO = 2.07 + 45 [NaIO₄]). CHX has strong chemical interaction with cellulose structure, contributing for its significant retention. The association of membrane oxidation and formation of the inclusion complex with βCD causes a 10-fold increase in CHX release rate compared to unmodified cellulose. Thus, validating the concept that CHX release can be modulated using these two strategies. All membranes loaded with CHX inhibited S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans growth, but DABC+CHX:βCD showed greater inhibition zone (p < 0.05). That, associated with other results, indicates potential application as bioactive and bioabsorbable membrane.
Oxidized cellulose-based hemostatic materials
2020, Carbohydrate Polymers
The application of hemostatic agents is essential to prevent significant blood loss and death from excessive bleeding in surgical or emergency scenarios. Oxidized cellulose is an excellent biodegradable and biocompatible derivate of cellulose, which has become one of the most important hemostatic agents used in surgical procedures. However, to date, there has been no comprehensive report assessing oxidized cellulose-based hemostatic materials. Hence, this paper first reviewed the oxidation preparation, cellulose origin and structure, as well as biodegradability and safety of oxidized cellulose. Then a comprehensive review regarding the hemostatic mechanisms, various forms, modification, and current commercially available products of oxidized cellulose is discussed, which emphatically presents the most significant developments in the recent scientific literature. In conclusion, this paper summarizes the latest developments in oxidized cellulose-based hemostatic materials and provides a reference for further research and development in this field.

View all citing articles on Scopus

View full text

In vivo degradation of oxidized, regenerated cellulose

Abstract

J. Reprod. Med.

Microsurgery

J. Liq. Chromatogr.