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Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Thyroid Neoplasms

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Abstract

This review summarizes the changes in the 5th edition of the WHO Classification of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumors that relate to the thyroid gland. The new classification has divided thyroid tumors into several new categories that allow for a clearer understanding of the cell of origin, pathologic features (cytopathology and histopathology), molecular classification, and biological behavior. Follicular cell–derived tumors constitute the majority of thyroid neoplasms. In this new classification, they are divided into benign, low-risk, and malignant neoplasms. Benign tumors include not only follicular adenoma but also variants of adenoma that are of diagnostic and clinical significance, including the ones with papillary architecture, which are often hyperfunctional and oncocytic adenomas. For the first time, there is a detailed account of the multifocal hyperplastic/neoplastic lesions that commonly occur in the clinical setting of multinodular goiter; the term thyroid follicular nodular disease (FND) achieved consensus as the best to describe this enigmatic entity. Low-risk follicular cell–derived neoplasms include non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP), thyroid tumors of uncertain malignant potential, and hyalinizing trabecular tumor. Malignant follicular cell–derived neoplasms are stratified based on molecular profiles and aggressiveness. Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), with many morphological subtypes, represent the BRAF-like malignancies, whereas invasive encapsulated follicular variant PTC and follicular thyroid carcinoma represent the RAS-like malignancies. This new classification requires detailed subtyping of papillary microcarcinomas similar to their counterparts that exceed 1.0 cm and recommends not designating them as a subtype of PTC. The criteria of the tall cell subtype of PTC have been revisited. Cribriform-morular thyroid carcinoma is no longer classified as a subtype of PTC. The term “Hürthle cell” is discouraged, since it is a misnomer. Oncocytic carcinoma is discussed as a distinct entity with the clear recognition that it refers to oncocytic follicular cell–derived neoplasms (composed of > 75% oncocytic cells) that lack characteristic nuclear features of PTC (those would be oncocytic PTCs) and high-grade features (necrosis and ≥ 5 mitoses per 2 mm2). High-grade follicular cell–derived malignancies now include both the traditional poorly differentiated carcinoma as well as high-grade differentiated thyroid carcinomas, since both are characterized by increased mitotic activity and tumor necrosis without anaplastic histology and clinically behave in a similar manner. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma remains the most undifferentiated form; squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid is now considered as a subtype of anaplastic carcinoma. Medullary thyroid carcinomas derived from thyroid C cells retain their distinct section, and there is a separate section for mixed tumors composed of both C cells and any follicular cell–derived malignancy. A grading system for medullary thyroid carcinomas is also introduced based on mitotic count, tumor necrosis, and Ki67 labeling index. A number of unusual neoplasms that occur in the thyroid have been placed into new sections based on their cytogenesis. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma and secretory carcinoma of the salivary gland type are now included in one section classified as “salivary gland–type carcinomas of the thyroid.” Thymomas, thymic carcinomas and spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like elements are classified as “thymic tumors within the thyroid.” There remain several tumors whose cell lineage is unclear, and they are listed as such; these include sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia and cribriform-morular thyroid carcinoma. Another important addition is thyroblastoma, an unusual embryonal tumor associated with DICER1 mutations. As in all the WHO books in the 5th edition, mesenchymal and stromal tumors, hematolymphoid neoplasms, germ cell tumors, and metastatic malignancies are discussed separately. The current classification also emphasizes the value of biomarkers that may aid diagnosis and provide prognostic information.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Zubair W. Baloch & Virginia A. LiVolsi

  2. Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Sylvia L. Asa

  3. Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Justine A. Barletta

  4. Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

    Ronald A. Ghossein

  5. Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    C. Christofer Juhlin

  6. Department of Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

    C. Christofer Juhlin

  7. Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Chan Kwon Jung

  8. Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy

    Mauro G. Papotti

  9. Department of Pathology, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, IPATIMUP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Manuel Sobrinho-Simões

  10. Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Giovanni Tallini

  11. IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Giovanni Tallini

  12. Department of Pathology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Ozgur Mete

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  1. Zubair W. Baloch
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Contributions

Conception and design: ZB, SLA, OM; data collection and analysis: all authors; manuscript preparation and editing: all authors; approval of final manuscript: all authors.

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Correspondence to Zubair W. Baloch.

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Dr. Ozgur Mete is the Editor-in-Chief of Endocrine Pathology. This article was handled by an independent senior editor and peer-reviewed as per the journal standards. The remaining authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Baloch, Z.W., Asa, S.L., Barletta, J.A. et al. Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Thyroid Neoplasms. Endocr Pathol 33, 27–63 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12022-022-09707-3

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