Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Dermatological Complications After Solid Organ Transplantation

  • Published:
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Organ transplant recipients (OTRs) are a population at high risk for cutaneous adverse events. Their early recognition and appropriate treatment is an important component of the clinical management of OTRs and should be optimally dealt with by dermatologists working in the context of a transplant dermatology clinic. Skin examination should be a standard procedure before performing organ transplantation to assess conditions which may be difficult to manage after the transplant procedure has been performed or which may represent a contraindication to transplantation, e.g., malignant melanoma. It also offers an opportunity to educate patients on skin care after organ transplantation. Skin infections can occur at any time after organ transplantation and include viral, bacterial, and fungal opportunistic infections. The risk of reactivation of latent viruses, such as varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV), is high. Bacterial infections are frequent and may be caused by unusual agents such Actinomyces, Mycobacteria, Legionella, or Nocardia. A large spectrum of fungal infections may occur, ranging from superficial (e.g., dermatophytes) to deeper and more severe ones (Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma). Drug-related idiosyncratic reactions usually occur early after the introduction of the causative drug, e.g., hypersensitivity reaction to azathioprine. On the long-term run, cutaneous effects due to cumulative drug toxicity, e.g., sebaceous hyperplasia from cyclosporine, may appear. Rare immunologically driven inflammatory reactions may occur in OTRs such as GVH or autoimmune disease. Tumors are particularly frequent. Kaposi’s sarcoma, associated with persistent human herpes virus 8 (HHV8) infection, and cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) occur early after transplantation. Other cancers, such as nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSCs), associated with persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, malignant melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, or adnexal tumors, manifest later with an incidence which is much higher than observed in the general population. The incidence increases further after a first NMSC occurs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
Fig. 26
Fig. 27

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Greendyke WG, Pereira MR (2016) Infectious complications and vaccinations in the posttransplant population. Med Clin North Am 100(3):587–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2016.01.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Doycheva I, Amer S, Watt KD (2016) De novo malignancies after transplantation: risk and surveillance strategies. Med Clin North Am 100(3):551–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2016.01.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Piselli P, Verdirosi D, Cimaglia C, Busnach G, Fratino L, Ettorre GM, De Paoli P, Citterio F, Serraino D (2014) Epidemiology of de novo malignancies after solid-organ transplantation: immunosuppression, infection and other risk factors. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 28(8):1251–1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.08.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Yanik EL, Smith JM, Shiels MS, Clarke CA, Lynch CF, Kahn AR, Koch L, Pawlish KS, Engels EA (2017) Cancer risk after pediatric solid organ transplantation. Pediatrics 139(5) e20163893.https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-3893

  5. Ulrich C, Hackethal M, Meyer T, Geusau A, Nindl I, Ulrich M, Forschner T, Sterry W, Stockfleth E (2008) Skin infections in organ transplant recipients. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 6(2):98–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2007.06431.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Tessari G, Girolomoni G (2012) Nonmelanoma skin cancer in solid organ transplant recipients: update on epidemiology, risk factors, and management. Dermatol Surg 38(10):1622–1630. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2012.02520.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kang W, Sampaio MS, Huang E, Bunnapradist S (2017) Association of pretransplant skin cancer with posttransplant malignancy, graft failure and death in kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 101(6):1303–1309. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000001286

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Terryn W, Cochat P, Froissart R, Ortiz A, Pirson Y, Poppe B, Serra A, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R, Wanner C (2013) Fabry nephropathy: indications for screening and guidance for diagnosis and treatment by the European Renal Best Practice. Nephrol Dial Transplant 28(3):505–517. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfs526

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kotanko P, Kramar R, Devrnja D, Paschke E, Voigtländer T, Auinger M, Pagliardini S, Spada M, Demmelbauer K, Lorenz M, Hauser AC, Kofler HJ, Lhotta K, Neyer U, Pronai W, Wallner M, Wieser C, Wiesholzer M, Zodl H, Födinger M, Sunder-Plassmann G (2004) Results of a nationwide screening for Anderson-Fabry disease among dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 15(5):1323–1329. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000124671.61963.1E

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Dumortier J, Guillaud O, Walter T, Ber CE, Partensky C, Boillot O, Scoazec JY (2010) Liver transplantation for multiple angiomyolipomas complicating tuberous sclerosis complex. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 34(8–9):494–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gcb.2010.06.005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Haidinger M, Hecking M, Weichhart T, Poglitsch M, Enkner W, Vonbank K, Prayer D, Geusau A, Oberbauer R, Zlabinger GJ, Soleiman A, Hörl WH, Säemann MD (2010) Sirolimus in renal transplant recipients with tuberous sclerosis complex: clinical effectiveness and implications for innate immunity. Transpl Int 23(8):777–785. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-2277.2009.01041.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Imko-Walczuk B, Kiełbowicz M, Dębska-Ślizień A, Rutkowski B (2015) Skin cancers as contraindication to organ transplantation. Transplant Proc 47(6):1547–1552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.03.047

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kirby LC, Banerjee A, Augustine T, Douglas JF (2016) An ethical dilemma: malignant melanoma in a 51-year-old patient awaiting simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplantation for type 1 diabetes. Br J Dermatol 175(1):172–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14554

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Tessari G, Naldi L, Boschiero L, Minetti E, Sandrini S, Nacchia F, Valerio F, Rugiu C, Sassi F, Gotti E, Fonte L, Talamini G, Girolomoni G (2013) Incidence of primary and second cancers in renal transplant recipients: a multicenter cohort study. Am J Transplant 13(1):214–221

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Chitasombat MN, Watcharananan SP (2016) Prevalence and outcome of disseminated varicella zoster infection post kidney transplantation. J Med Assoc Thail 99(4):381–385

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hamaguchi Y, Mori A, Uemura T, Ogawa K, Fujimoto Y, Okajima H, Kaido T, Uemoto S (2015) Incidence and risk factors for herpes zoster in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 17(5):671–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12425

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Gnann JW, Whitley RJ (2002) Herpes zoster. N Engl J Med 347:340–346. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp013211

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Zuckerman RA, Limaye AP (2013) Varicella zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) in solid organ transplant patients. Am J Transplant 13(Suppl 3):55–66; quiz 66. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Danziger-Isakov L, Kumar D, AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice (2013) Vaccination in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 13(Suppl 4):311–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12122

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Geel AL, Zuidema W, van Gelder T, van Doornum G, Weimar W (2005) Successful vaccination against varicella zoster virus prior to kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 37(2):952–953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.11.023

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Prelog M, Schönlaub J, Zimmerhackl LB (2011) Aciclovir and varicella-zoster-immunoglobulin in solid-organ transplant recipients. Pediatr Nephrol 26(5):663–673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-010-1666-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Geel AL, Landman TS, Kal JA, van Doomum GJ, Weimar W (2006) Varicella zoster virus serostatus before and after kidney transplantation, and vaccination of adult kidney transplant candidates. Transplant Proc 38(10):3418–3419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2006.10.090

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cunningham AL, Lal H, Kovac M, Chlibek R, Hwang SJ, Díez-Domingo J, Godeaux O, Levin MJ, McElhaney JE, Puig-Barberà J, Vanden Abeele C, Vesikari T, Watanabe D, Zahaf T, Ahonen A, Athan E, Barba-Gomez JF, Campora L, de Looze F, Downey HJ, Ghesquiere W, Gorfinkel I, Korhonen T, Leung E, McNeil SA, Oostvogels L, Rombo L, Smetana J, Weckx L, Yeo W, Heineman TC, ZOE-70 Study Group (2016) Efficacy of the herpes zoster subunit vaccine in adults 70 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 375(11):1019–1032

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Abad CL, Razonable RR (2016) α Herpes virus infections among renal transplant recipients. Semin Nephrol 36(5):344–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semnephrol.2016.05.011

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Piaserico S, Sandini E, Peserico A, Alaibac M (2014) Cutaneous viral infections in organ transplant patients. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 149(4):409–415

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hakimi Z, Aballéa S, Ferchichi S, Scharn M, Odeyemi IA, Toumi M, Saliba F (2017) Burden of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients: a national matched cohort study in an inpatient setting. Transpl Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12732

  27. Rolling KE, Jorgenson MR, Fose JL, Mandelbrot DA, Redfield RR, Smith JA (2017) Ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infection in abdominal solid organ transplant recipients: case series and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1987

  28. Pinca R, Crawford RI, Au S (2016) Cytomegalovirus scrotal ulcer in a renal transplant patient. J Cutan Med Surg 20(6):567–569. https://doi.org/10.1177/1203475416650643

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Coogle LP, Holland KE, Pan C, Van Why SK (2017) Complete resolution of trichodysplasia spinulosa in a pediatric renal transplant patient: case report and literature review. Pediatr Transplant 00:1-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.12849

  30. Kassar R, Chang J, Chan AW, Lilly LB, Al Habeeb A, Rotstein C (2017) Leflunomide for the treatment of trichodysplasia spinulosa in a liver transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis.https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12702

  31. van der Meijden E, Janssens RW, Lauber C, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Gorbalenya AE, Feltkamp MC (2010) Discovery of a new human polyomavirus associated with trichodysplasia spinulosa in an immunocompromized patient. PLoS Pathog 6(7):e1001024

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Ponticelli C, Bencini PL (2011) Nonneoplastic mucocutaneous lesions in organ transplant recipients. Transpl Int 24(11):1041–1050. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-2277.2011.01308.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Lally A, Casabonne D, Imko-Walczuk B, Newton R, Wojnarowska F (2011) Prevalence of benign cutaneous disease among Oxford renal transplant recipients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 25(4):462–470. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03814.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Euvrard S, Kanitakis J, Cochat P, Cambazard F, Claudy A (2001) Skin diseases in children with organ transplants. J Am Acad Dermatol 44(6):932–939. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2001.113465

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hogewoning AA, Goettsch W, van Loveren H, de Fijter JW, Vermeer BJ, Bouwes Bavinck JN (2001) Skin infections in renal transplant recipients. Clin Transpl 15(1):32–38. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-0012.2001.150106.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Salard D, Parriaux N, Derancourt C, Aubin F, Bresson-Hadni S, Miguet JP, Laurent R (2002) Cutaneous complications following liver transplantation: epidemiologic and clinical study in 86 patients. Ann Dermatol Venereol 129(10 Pt 1):1134–1138 French

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Valero R, Rodrigo E, Ruiz JC, González-Cotorruelo J, Lastra P, López-Rasines G, Fernández F, Sánchez M, Arias M (2007) Abscess colon diverticular disease produced for Actinomyces israelii in a renal transplant recipient. Nefrologia 27(4):511–513 Spanish

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Mele AA, Bilancio G, Luciani R, Bellizzi V, Palladino G (2013) Atypical mycobacterial infection after kidney transplant: two clinical cases. G Ital Nefrol 30:1–6. Italian

  39. Atkins BL, Gottlieb T (2014) Skin and soft tissue infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Curr Opin Infect Dis 27(2):137–145. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000041

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Neiderud CJ, Vidh AL, Salaneck E (2013) Soft tissue infection caused by Legionella bozemanii in a patient with ongoing immunosuppressive treatment. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 3:1–3. https://doi.org/10.3402/iee.v3i0.20739

    Google Scholar 

  41. Wright AJ, Humar A, Gourishankar S, Bernard K, Kumar D (2012) Severe Legionnaire’s disease caused by Legionella longbeachae in a long-term renal transplant patient: the importance of safe living strategies after transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 14(4):E30–E33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2012.00755.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Cohen EA, Topal JE, Tichy EM (2015) Listeria monocytogenes bacteremia in a pancreas transplant recipient. Prog Transplant 25(4):321–323. https://doi.org/10.7182/pit2015915

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Sartor C, Grégoire E, Albanèse J, Fournier PE (2015) Invasive Listeria monocytogenes infection after liver transplantation: a life-threatening condition. Lancet 385(9963):200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61831-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Coussement J, Lebeaux D, van Delden C, Guillot H, Freund R, Marbus S, Melica G, Van Wijngaerden E, Douvry B, Van Laecke S, Vuotto F, Tricot L, Fernández-Ruiz M, Dantal J, Hirzel C, Jais JP, Rodriguez-Nava V, Lortholary O, Jacobs F, European Study Group for Nocardia in Solid Organ Transplantation (2016) Nocardia infection in solid organ transplant recipients: a multicenter European case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 63(3):338–345. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw241

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Imko-Walczuk BB, Prędota A, Okuniewska A, Jaśkiewicz J, Zegarska B, Placek W, Włodarczyk Z, Dębska-Slizień A, Rutkowski B (2014) Superficial fungal infections in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 46(8):2738–2742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.09.051

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Tessari G, Cagalli A, Girolomoni G (2014) Opportunistic deep cutaneous mycoses in solid organ transplant recipients. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 149(4):417–422

    Google Scholar 

  47. Alhmali N, Lindenlaub P, Ghebremedhin B, Franke I, Gollnick H, Bonnekoh B (2013) Deep cutaneous mycosis due to Alternaria infectoria after liver transplantation: successful treatment with fluconazole. Eur J Dermatol 23(1):100–102. https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2012.1885

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Buonfrate D, Gobbi F, Angheben A, Marocco S, Farina C, Van Den Ende J, Bisoffi Z (2014) Autochthonous cases of mycetoma in Europe: report of two cases and review of literature. PLoS One 9(6):e100590. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100590

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Mencarini J, Antonelli A, Scoccianti G, Bartolini L, Roselli G, Capanna R, Rossolini GM, Bartoloni A, Bartalesi F (2016) Madura foot in Europe: diagnosis of an autochthonous case by molecular approach and review of the literature. New Microbiol 39(2):156–159

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Farina C, Gotti E, Parma A, Naldi L, Goglio A (2007) Pheohyphomycotic soft tissue disease caused by Alternaria alternata in a kidney transplant patient: a case report and literature review. Transplant Proc 39(5):1655–1659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2006.11.023

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Naldi L, Lovati S, Farina C, Gotti E, Cainelli T (2000) Paecilomyces marquandii cellulitis in a kidney transplant patient. Br J Dermatol 143(3):647–649

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Stoneham AC, Stoneham SE, Wyllie SA, Pandya AN (2017) Surgical resection of a rare cutaneous manifestation of Scedosporium apiospermum in a patient who underwent renal transplant. BMJ Case Rep. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2016-217923

  53. Cortez KJ, Roilides E, Quiroz-Telles F, Meletiadis J, Antachopoulos C, Knudsen T, Buchanan W, Milanovich J, Sutton DA, Fothergill A, Rinaldi MG, Shea YR, Zaoutis T, Kottilil S, Walsh TJ (2008) Infections caused by Scedosporium spp. Clin Microbiol Rev 21(1):157–197. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00039-07

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Kaminska EC, Pei S, Kenkare S, Petronic-Rosic V, Tsoukas MM (2015) Cutaneous necrotic papule as invasive aspergillosis in a heart transplant patient. Skinmed 13(4):329–330

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Santos T, Aguiar B, Santos L, Romaozinho C, Tome R, Macario F, Alves R, Campos M, Mota A (2015) Invasive fungal infections after kidney transplantation: a single-center experience. Transplant Proc 47(4):971–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.03.040

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Farber SA, Micheletti RG (2015) Cryptococcal meningitis presenting with headache and a pustular eruption in a heart transplant patient. Transpl Infect Dis 17(5):716–718. https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12421

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Mbulaiteye SM, Engels EA (2006) Kaposi’s sarcoma risk among transplant recipients in the United States (1993–2003). Int J Cancer 119(11):2685–2691. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.22233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Zattra E, Coati I, Alaibac M, Piaserico S (2014) Kaposi’s sarcoma and other rare skin cancers in organ transplant patients. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 149(4):395–400

    Google Scholar 

  59. Raeisi D, Payandeh M, Madani SH, Zare ME, Kansestani AN, Hashemian AH (2013) Kaposi’s sarcoma after kidney transplantation: a 21-years experience. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res 7(4):29–33

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Pietrosi G, Vizzini G, Pipitone L, Di Martino G, Minervini MI, Lo Iacono G, Conaldi PG, Grossi P, Lamonaca V, Galatioto L, Gruttadauria S, Gridelli B (2011) Primary and reactivated HHV8 infection and disease after liver transplantation: a prospective study. Am J Transplant 11(12):2715–2723. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03769.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Rosen ST (2009) Post-transplant skin cancer. In: Stockfleth E, Ulrich C (eds) Skin cancer after organ transplantation. Springer, New York, p 71

    Google Scholar 

  62. García-Astudillo LA, Leyva-Cobián F (2006) Human herpesvirus-8 infection and Kaposi’s sarcoma after liver and kidney transplantation in different geographical areas of Spain. Transpl Immunol 17(1):65–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trim.2006.09.008

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Benhammane H, Mentha G, Tschanz E, El Mesbahi O, Dietrich PY (2012) Visceral Kaposi’s sarcoma related to human herpesvirus-8 in liver transplant recipient: case report and literature review. Case Rep Oncol Med 2012:137291. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/137291

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Van der Kuyl AC, Polstra AM, Weverling GJ, Zorgdrager F, Van der Burg R, Cornelissen M (2004) An IL8 gene promoter polymorphism is associated with the risk of the development of AIDS related Kaposi’s sarcoma: a case-control study. AIDS 18(8):1206–1208

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Foster CB, Lehrnbecher T, Samuels S, Stein S, Mol F, Metcalf JA, Wyvill K, Steinberg SM, Kovacs J, Blauvelt A, Yarchoan R, Chanock SJ (2000) An IL6 promoter polymorphism is associated with a lifetime risk of development of Kaposi sarcoma in men infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Blood 96(7):2562–2567

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Gayà A, Esteve A, Casabona J, McCarthy JJ, Martorell J, Schulz TF, Whitby D, EURO-SHAKS working group (2004) Amino acid residue at position 13 in HLA-DR beta chain plays a critical role in the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma in AIDS patients. AIDS 18(2):199–204

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Alkharsah KR, Dedicoat M, Blasczyk R, Newton R, Schulz TF (2007) Influence of HLA alleles on shedding of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in saliva in an African population. J Infect Dis 195(6):809–816. https://doi.org/10.1086/511827

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Ablashi DV, Chatlynne LG, Whitman JE Jr, Cesarman E (2002) Spectrum of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, or human herpesvirus 8, diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 15(3):439–464

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Guba M, Graeb C, Jauch KW, Geissler EK (2004) Pro- and anti-cancer effects of immunosuppressive agents used in organ transplantation. Transplantation 77(12):1777–1782. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.TP.0000120181.89206.54

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Barete S, Calvez V, Mouquet C, Barrou B, Kreis H, Dantal J, Dorent R, Durand F, Dimitrov Y, Dupin N, Marcelin AG, Piette JC, Bitker MO, Francès C (2000) Clinical features and contribution of virological findings to the management of Kaposi sarcoma in organ-allograft recipients. Arch Dermatol 136(12):1452–1458

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Olson LC, Cheng E, Mathew S, Torres-Quinones M, Magro C (2016) Primary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma with 6p25.3 rearrangement in a cardiac transplant recipient: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Dermatopathol 38(6):461–465. https://doi.org/10.1097/DAD.0000000000000505

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Clarke CA, Morton LM, Lynch C, Pfeiffer RM, Hall EC, Gibson TM, Weisenburger DD, Martínez-Maza O, Hussain SK, Yang J, Chang ET, Engels EA (2013) Risk of lymphoma subtypes after solid organ transplantation in the United States. Br J Cancer 109(1):280–288. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2013.294

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. De Oliveira LSR, Nobrega MP, Monteiro MG, de Almeida WL (2013) Primary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma—case report. An Bras Dermatol 88(6 Suppl 1):132–135. https://doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20131731

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Murali AR, Chandra S, Stewart Z, Blazar BR, Farooq U, Ince MN, Dunkelberg J (2016) Graft versus host disease after liver transplantation in adults: a case series, review of literature, and an approach to management. Transplantation 100(12):2661–2670. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000001406

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Wolff D, Schleuning M, von Harsdorf S, Bacher U, Gerbitz A, Stadler M, Ayuk F, Kiani A, Schwerdtfeger R, Vogelsang GB, Kobbe G, Gramatzki M, Lawitschka A, Mohty M, Pavletic SZ, Greinix H, Holler E (2011) Consensus conference on clinical practice in chronic GVHD: second-line treatment of chronic graft-versus-host disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 17(1):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.05.011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Atzori L, Conti B, Zucca M, Pau M (2015) Bullous pemphigoid induced by m-TOR inhibitors in renal transplant recipients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 29(8):1626–1630. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.12662

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Liaw TY, Hwang SJ, Hwang DY, Chen GS (2011) Bullous pemphigoid in a chronic renal allograft rejection patient: a case report and review of the literature. Dermatol Sin 29:94–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsi.2011.07.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Petit D, Borradori L, Rybojad M, Morel P (1990) Linear IgA bullous dermatosis after heart transplantation. J Am Acad Dermatol 22(5 Pt 1):851

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Neughebauer BI, Negron G, Pelton S, Plunkett RW, Beutner EH, Magnussen R (2002) Bullous skin disease: an unusual allergic reaction to vancomycin. Am J Med Sci 323(5):273–278. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000441-200205000-00009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Shroff P, Mehta RS, Chinen J, Karpen SJ, Davis CM (2012) Presentation of atopic disease in a large cohort of pediatric liver transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 16(4):379–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3046.2012.01684.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Topal E, Çatal F, Selimoğlu MA, Karabiber H, Klc T, Başkran A, Senbaba E, Ylmaz S (2014) Acquired atopic disease after liver transplantation in children; similarities to and differences from adults: a preliminary study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 26(9):1055–1059. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0000000000000142

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Ponte GM, Baidal DA, Romanelli P, Faradji RN, Poggioli R, Cure P, Froud T, Selvaggi G, Pileggi A, Ricordi C, Alejandro R (2007) Resolution of severe atopic dermatitis after tacrolimus withdrawal. Cell Transplant 16(1):23–30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Cicora F, Roberti J (2016) Recurrent psoriasis after introduction of belatacept in 2 kidney transplant recipients. Prog Transplant 26(2):109–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816640674

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Dedemadi G, Koukoulaki M, Vougas V, Noutsis C, Pantelidaki A, Drakopoulos S (2016) Generalized pustular psoriasis (von Zumbusch type) following renal transplant: a case report. Exp Clin Transplant. https://doi.org/10.6002/ect.2016.0036

  85. Madankumar R, Teperman LW, Stein JA (2015) Use of etanercept for psoriasis in a liver transplant recipient. JAAD Case Rep 1(6):S36–S37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdcr.2015.09.012

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Davis RF, Ravenscroft J, Hashimoto T, Evans JH, Harman KE (2011) Bullous pemphigoid associated with renal transplant rejection. Clin Exp Dermatol 36(7):824–825. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2011.04063.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Chen TJ, Lai PC, Yang LC, Kuo TT, Hong HS (2009) Bullous pemphigoid in a renal transplant recipient: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Clin Dermatol 10(3):197–200. https://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200910030-00007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Wei J, Zhang Y, Xu H, Jin J, Zhang J (2013) Atopic dermatitis-like presentation of graft-versus-host disease: a novel form of chronic cutaneous graft-versus-host disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 69(1):34–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2012.12.970

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Niemeier V, Passoth PR, Krämer U, Bauer J, Oschmann P, Kupfer J, Gieler U (2005) Manifestation of atopic eczema in children after heart transplantation in the first year of life. Pediatr Dermatol 22(2):102–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1470.2005.22203.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Seung LM, Lorincz AL (1994) Incidence of acute renal transplant rejection in atopic individuals. Arch Dermatol 130(5):584–588

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Parisi R, Symmons DP, Griffiths CE, Ashcroft DM, Identification and Management of Psoriasis and Associated ComorbidiTy (IMPACT) project team (2013) Global epidemiology of psoriasis: a systematic review of incidence and prevalence. J Invest Dermatol 133(2):377–385. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2012.339

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Serdar ZA, Eren PA, Canbakan M, Turan K, Tellioglu G, Gülle S, Ozgezer T, Kara M, Berber I, Titiz MI (2010) Dermatologic findings in renal transplant recipients: possible effects of immunosuppression regimen and p53 mutations. Transplant Proc 42(7):2538–2541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.05.165

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Ilyas M, Colegio OR, Kaplan B, Sharma A (2017) Cutaneous toxicities from transplantation-related medications. Am J Transplant. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.14337

  94. Strahan JE, Burch JM (2009) Cyclosporine-induced infantile nodulocystic acne. Arch Dermatol 145(7):797–799. https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2009.98

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Lear J, Bourke JF, Burns DA (1997) Hyperplastic pseudofolliculitis barbae associated with cyclosporin. Br J Dermatol 136(1):132–133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Argani H, Pourabbas R, Hassanzadeh D, Masri M, Rahravi H (2006) Treatment of cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth with azithromycin-containing toothpaste. Exp Clin Transplant 4(1):420–424

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Tricot L, Lebbé C, Pillebout E, Martinez F, Legendre C, Thervet E (2005) Tacrolimus-induced alopecia in female kidney-pancreas transplant recipients. Transplantation 80(11):1546–1549. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000181195.67084.94

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Bidinger JJ, Sky K, Battafarano DF, Henning JS (2011) The cutaneous and systemic manifestations of azathioprine hypersensitivity syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 65(1):184–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2010.04.041

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Jiyad Z, Olsen CM, Burke MT, Isbel NM, Green AC (2016) Azathioprine and risk of skin cancer in organ transplant recipients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Transplant 16(12):3490–3503. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13863

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Campistol JM, de Fijter JW, Flechner SM, Langone A, Morelon E, Stockfleth E (2010) mTOR inhibitor-associated dermatologic and mucosal problems. Clin Transpl 24(2):149–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0012.2010.01232.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Peterson DE, O’Shaughnessy JA, Rugo HS, Elad S, Schubert MM, Viet CT, Campbell-Baird C, Hronek J, Seery V, Divers J, Glaspy J, Schmidt BL, Meiller TF (2016) Oral mucosal injury caused by mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors: emerging perspectives on pathobiology and impact on clinical practice. Cancer Med 5(8):1897–1907. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.761

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  102. Boothpur R, Hardinger KL, Skelton RM, Lluka B, Koch MJ, Miller BW, Desai NM, Brennan DC (2010) Serum sickness after treatment with rabbit antithymocyte globulin in kidney transplant recipients with previous rabbit exposure. Am J Kidney Dis 55(1):141–143. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.06.017

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Sasaki H, Chikaraishi T, Furuhata S, Tsutsumi H, Miyano S, Nakano T, Sato Y, Kimura K, Takahashi T (2007) Anaphylactic reaction after initial exposure of Basiliximab: case reports. Transplant Proc 39(10):3457–3459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.08.104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Wekerle T, Grinyó JM (2012) Belatacept: from rational design to clinical application. Transpl Int 25(2):139–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-2277.2011.01386.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Mansh M, Binstock M, Williams K, Hafeez F, Kim J, Glidden D, Boettger R, Hays S, Kukreja J, Golden J, Asgari MM, Chin-Hong P, Singer JP, Arron ST (2016) Voriconazole exposure and risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, Aspergillus colonization, invasive aspergillosis and death in lung transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 16(1):262–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13431

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Kolaitis NA, Duffy E, Zhang A, Lo M, Barba DT, Chen M, Soriano T, Hu J, Nabili V, Saggar R, Sayah DM, DerHovanessian A, Shino MY, Lynch JP 3rd, Kubak BM, Ardehali A, Ross DJ, Belperio JA, Elashoff D, Saggar R, Weigt SS (2017) Voriconazole increases the risk for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma after lung transplantation. Transpl Int 30(1):41–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/tri.12865

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Freiberger D, Lewis L, Helfand L (2015) Human papillomavirus-related high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of the esophagus, skin, and cervix in an adolescent lung transplant recipient: a case report and literature review. Transpl Infect Dis 17(1):98–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Ovits CG, Amin BD, Halverstam C (2017) Acquired epidermodysplasia verruciformis and its relationship to immunosuppressive therapy: report of a case and review of the literature. J Drugs Dermatol 16(7):701–704

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Howley PM, Pfister HJ (2015) Beta genus papillomaviruses and skin cancer. Virology 479-480:290–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Doorbar J, Egawa N, Griffin H, Kranjec C, Murakami I (2015) Human papillomavirus molecular biology and disease association. Rev Med Virol 25(Suppl 1):2–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.1822

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  111. Struijk L, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Wanningen P, van der Meijden E, Westendorp RG, Ter Schegget J, Feltkamp MC (2003) Presence of human papillomavirus DNA in plucked eyebrow hairs is associated with a history of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 121(6):1531–1535. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12632.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Forslund O, Lindelöf B, Hradil E, Nordin P, Stenquist B, Kirnbauer R, Slupetzky K, Dillner J (2004) High prevalence of cutaneous human papillomavirus DNA on the top of skin tumors but not in “stripped” biopsies from the same tumors. J Invest Dermatol 123(2):388–394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.23205.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Rosen ST (2009) Actinic keratoses. In: Stockfleth E, Ulrich C (eds) Skin cancer after organ transplantation. Springer, New York, p 228

    Google Scholar 

  114. Jiyad Z, Marquart L, O'Rourke P, Green AC (2017) The natural history of actinic keratoses in organ transplant recipients. J Am Acad Dermatol 76(1):162–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2016.09.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Kadakia KC, Barton DL, Loprinzi CL, Sloan JA, Otley CC, Diekmann BB, Novotny PJ, Alberts SR, Limburg PJ, Pittelkow MR (2012) Randomized controlled trial of acitretin versus placebo in patients at high-risk for basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (North Central Cancer Treatment Group Study 969251). Cancer 118(8):2128–2137. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.26374

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Togsverd-Bo K, Halldin C, Sandberg C, Gonzalez H, Wennberg AM, Sørensen SS, Wulf HCO, Haedersdal M (2017) Photodynamic therapy is more effective than imiquimod for actinic keratosis in organ transplant recipients—a randomized intra-individual controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15884

  117. Knoell KA, Patterson JW, Wilson BB (1999) Sudden onset of disseminated porokeratosis of Mibelli in a renal transplant patient. J Am Acad Dermatol 41(5 Pt 2):830–832

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Matsushita S, Kanekura T, Kanzaki T (1997) A case of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis subsequent to renal transplantation. J Dermatol 24(2):110–112

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Kempf W, Mertz KD, Hofbauer GF, Tinguely M (2013) Skin cancer in organ transplant recipients. Pathobiology 80(6):302–309. https://doi.org/10.1159/000350757

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Euvrard S, Kanitakis J, Claudy A (2003) Skin cancers after organ transplantation. N Engl J Med 348(17):1681–1691

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Mittal A, Colegio OR (2017) Skin cancers in organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.14382

  122. Shang W, Huang L, Li L, Li X, Zeng R, Ge S, Xu G (2016) Cancer risk in patients receiving renal replacement therapy: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Mol Clin Oncol 5(3):315–325. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2016.952

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Garrett GL, Blanc PD, Boscardin J, Lloyd AA, Ahmed RL, Anthony T, Bibee K, Breithaupt A, Cannon J, Chen A, Cheng JY, Chiesa-Fuxench Z, Colegio OR, Curiel-Lewandrowski C, Del Guzzo CA, Disse M, Dowd M, Eilers R Jr, Ortiz AE, Morris C, Golden SK, Graves MS, Griffin JR, Hopkins RS, Huang CC, Bae GH, Jambusaria A, Jennings TA, Jiang SI, Karia PS, Khetarpal S, Kim C, Klintmalm G, Konicke K, Koyfman SA, Lam C, Lee P, Leitenberger JJ, Loh T, Lowenstein S, Madankumar R, Moreau JF, Nijhawan RI, Ochoa S, Olasz EB, Otchere E, Otley C, Oulton J, Patel PH, Patel VA, Prabhu AV, Pugliano-Mauro M, Schmults CD, Schram S, Shih AF, Shin T, Soon S, Soriano T, Srivastava D, Stein JA, Sternhell-Blackwell K, Taylor S, Vidimos A, Wu P, Zajdel N, Zelac D, Arron ST (2017) Incidence of and risk factors for skin cancer in organ transplant recipients in the United States. JAMA Dermatol 153(3):296–303. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.4920

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Bouwes Bavinck JN, Hardie DR, Green A, Cutmore S, MacNaught A, O’Sullivan B, Siskind V, Van Der Woude FJ, Hardie IR (1996) The risk of skin cancer in renal transplant recipients in Queensland, Australia. A follow-up study. Transplantation 61(5):715–721

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Naldi L, Fortina AB, Lovati S, Barba A, Gotti E, Tessari G, Schena D, Diociaiuti A, Nanni G, La Parola IL, Masini C, Piaserico S, Peserico A, Cainelli T, Remuzzi G (2000) Risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer in Italian organ transplant recipients. A registry-based study. Transplantation 70(10):1479–1484. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200011270-00015

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Krynitz B, Olsson H, Lundh Rozell B, Lindelöf B, Edgren G, Smedby KE (2016) Risk of basal cell carcinoma in Swedish organ transplant recipients: a population-based study. Br J Dermatol 174(1):95–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14153

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Euvrard S, Kanitakis J, Pouteil-Noble C et al (1995) Comparative epidemiologic study of premalignant and malignant epithelial cutaneous lesions developing after kidney and heart transplantation. J Am Acad Dermatol 33:222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Aseni P, Vertemati M, De Carlis L et al (2006) De novo cancers and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in adult liver transplantation. Pathol Int 56:712–715

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Kaufmann RA, Oberholzer PA, Cazzaniga S, Hunger RE (2016) Epithelial skin cancers after kidney transplantation: a retrospective single-centre study of 376 recipients. Eur J Dermatol 26(3):265–270. https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2016.2758

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Glover MT, Deeks JJ, Raftery MJ et al (1997) Immunosuppression and risk of non-melanoma skin cancer in renal transplant recipients. Lancet 349(9049):398. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)80015-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Jensen P, Hansen S, Moller B, Leivestad T, Pfeffer P, Geiran O, Fauchald P, Simonsen S (1999) Skin cancer in kidney and heart transplant recipients and different long-term immunosuppressive therapy regimens. J Am Acad Dermatol 40:177–186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Blohme I, Larko O (1992) No difference in skin cancer incidence with or without cyclosporine: a 5-year perspective. Transplant Proc 24:313

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Gruber SA, Gillingham K, Sothern RB, Stephanian E, Matas AJ, Dunn DL (1994) De novo cancer in cyclosporine-treated and noncyclosporine-treated adult primary renal allograft recipients. Clin Transpl 8:388

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Lim WH, Russ GR, Wong G, Pilmore H, Kanellis J, Chadban SJ (2017) The risk of cancer in kidney transplant recipients may be reduced in those maintained on everolimus and reduced cyclosporine. Kidney Int 91(4):954–963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2016.11.008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Holdaas H, De Simone P, Zuckermann A (2016) Everolimus and malignancy after solid organ transplantation: a clinical update. J Transp Secur 2016:4369574. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4369574

    Google Scholar 

  136. de Fijter JW (2017) Cancer and mTOR inhibitors in transplant recipients. Transplantation 101(1):45–55. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000001447

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Pritchett EN, Doyle A, Shaver CM, Miller B, Abdelmalek M, Cusack CA, Malat GE, Chung CL (2016) Nonmelanoma skin cancer in nonwhite organ transplant recipients. JAMA Dermatol 152(12):1348–1353. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.3328

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Peterson SC, Eberl M, Vagnozzi AN, Belkadi A, Veniaminova NA, Verhaegen ME, Bichakjian CK, Ward NL, Dlugosz AA, Wong SY (2015) Basal cell carcinoma preferentially arises from stem cells within hair follicle and mechanosensory niches. Cell Stem Cell 16(4):400–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2015.02.006

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  139. Ramsay HM, Fryer AA, Hawley CM, Smith AG, Nicol DL, Harden PN (2003) Factors associated with nonmelanoma skin cancer following renal transplantation in Queensland, Australia. J Am Acad Dermatol 49(3):397–406

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Giglia-Mari G, Sarasin A (2003) TP53 mutations in human skin cancers. Hum Mutat 21(3):217–228. https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.10179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Lee CN, Pan SC, Lee JYY, Wong TW (2016) Successful treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with intralesional cryosurgery: case report. Medicine 95(39). https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000004991

  142. Garrett GL, Lowenstein SE, Singer JP, He SY, Arron ST (2016) Trends of skin cancer mortality after transplantation in the United States: 1987 to 2013. J Am Acad Dermatol 75(1):106–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2016.02.1155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Lewin JM, Carucci JA (2015) Advances in the management of basal cell carcinoma. F1000Prime Rep 7:53. 10.12703/P7-53

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Drehs MM, Cook-Bolden F, Tanzi EL, Weinberg JM (2002) Successful treatment of multiple superficial basal cell carcinomas with topical imiquimod: case report and review of the literature. Dermatol Surg 28(5):427–429

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Marcil I, Stern RS (2000) Risk of developing a subsequent nonmelanoma skin cancer in patients with a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer: a critical review of the literature and meta-analysis. Arch Dermatol 136(12):1524–1530

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Chen AC, Martin AJ, Choy B, Fernández-Peñas P, Dalziell RA, McKenzie CA, Scolyer RA, Dhillon HM, Vardy JL, Kricker A, St George G, Chinniah N, Halliday GM, Damian DL (2015) A phase 3 randomized trial of nicotinamide for skin-cancer chemoprevention. N Engl J Med 373(17):1618–1626. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1506197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Fattouh K, Ducroux E, Decullier E, Kanitakis J, Morelon E, Boissonnat P, Sebbag L, Jullien D, Euvrard S (2017) Increasing incidence of melanoma after solid organ transplantation: a retrospective epidemiological study. Transpl Int. https://doi.org/10.1111/tri.13011

  148. Robbins HA, Clarke CA, Arron ST, Tatalovich Z, Kahn AR, Hernandez BY, Paddock L, Yanik EL, Lynch CF, Kasiske BL, Snyder J, Engels EA (2015) Melanoma risk and survival among organ transplant recipients. J Invest Dermatol 135(11):2657–2665. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2015.312

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  149. Ascha M, Ascha MS, Tanenbaum J, Bordeaux JS (2017) Risk factors for melanoma in renal transplant recipients. JAMA Dermatol. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.2291

  150. Bulliard JL, DeWeck D, Fisch T, Bordoni A, Levi F (2007) Detailed site distribution of melanoma and sunlight exposure: aetiological patterns from a Swiss series. Ann Oncol 18:789–794. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdl490

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Halpern J (2010) Lesions, surgery and skin cancer. In: Salim A, Moss C (eds) Dermatology postgraduate MCQs and revision notes. Radcliffe Publishing, Oxford, p 134

    Google Scholar 

  152. Wong SL, Balch CM, Hurley P, Agarwala SS, Akhurst TJ, Cochran A, Cormier JN, Gorman M, Kim TY, KM MM, Noyes RD, Schuchter LM, Valsecchi ME, Weaver DL, Lyman GH, American Society of Clinical Oncology; Society of Surgical Oncology (2012) Sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma: American Society of Clinical Oncology and Society of Surgical Oncology joint clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol 30(23):2912–2918. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.40.3519

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Dahlke E, Murray CA, Kitchen J, Chan AW (2014) Systematic review of melanoma incidence and prognosis in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplant Res 3:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-1440-3-10

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  154. Strauss DC, Thomas JM (2010) Transmission of donor melanoma by organ transplantation. Lancet Oncol 11(8):790–796. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70024-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Sandru A, Voinea S, Panaitescu E, Blidaru A (2014) Survival rates of patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. J Med Life 7(4):572–576

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  156. Boyle SM, Ali N, Olszanski AJ, Park DJ, Xiao G, Guy S, Doyle AM (2017) Donor-derived metastatic melanoma and checkpoint inhibition. Transplant Proc 49(7):1551–1554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2017.06.007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Schadendorf D, Lebbé C, Zur Hausen A, Avril MF, Hariharan S, Bharmal M, Becker JC (2017) Merkel cell carcinoma: epidemiology, prognosis, therapy and unmet medical needs. Eur J Cancer 71:53–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2016.10.022

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Clarke CA, Robbins HA, Tatalovich Z, Lynch CF, Pawlish KS, Finch JL, Hernandez BY, Fraumeni JF Jr, Madeleine MM, Engels EA (2015) Risk of Merkel cell carcinoma after solid organ transplantation. J Natl Cancer Inst 107(2):dju382.https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dju382

  159. Garrett GL, Zargham H, Schulman JM, Jafarian F, Yu SS, Arron ST (2015) Merkel cell carcinoma in organ transplant recipients: case reports and review of the literature. JAAD Case Rep 1(6):S29–S32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdcr.2015.09.017

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  160. Koljonen V, Sahi H, Böhling T, Mäkisalo H (2016) Post-transplant Merkel cell carcinoma. Acta Derm Venereol 96(4):442–447. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-2284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Kaufman HL, Russell J, Hamid O, Bhatia S, Terheyden P, D’Angelo SP, Shih KC, Lebbé C, Linette GP, Milella M, Brownell I, Lewis KD, Lorch JH, Chin K, Mahnke L, von Heydebreck A, Cuillerot JM, Nghiem P (2016) Avelumab in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma: a multicentre, single-group, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 17(10):1374–1385. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30364-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  162. Hoss E, Nelson SA, Sharma A (2017) Sebaceous carcinoma in solid organ transplant recipients. Int J Dermatol 56(7):746–749. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.13490

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Harwood CA, McGregor JM, Swale VJ, Proby CM, Leigh IM, Newton R, Khorshid SM, Cerio R (2003) High frequency and diversity of cutaneous appendageal tumors in organ transplant recipients. J Am Acad Dermatol 48(3):401–408. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2003.97

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Lanoy E, Costagliola D, Engels EA (2010) Skin cancers associated with HIV infection and solid-organ transplantation among elderly adults. Int J Cancer 126(7):1724–1731. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.24931

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  165. Harwood CA, Swale VJ, Bataille VA, Quinn AG, Ghali L, Patel SV, Dove-Edwin I, Cerio R, McGregor JM (2001) An association between sebaceous carcinoma and microsatellite instability in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients. J Invest Dermatol 116(2):246–253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Fogel AL, Miyar M, Teng JM (2016) Cutaneous malignancies in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients. Pediatr Dermatol 33(6):585–593. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.12941

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Matin RN, Danby R, Gibbons E, Venning V, Rowley L, Barton D, Pawson R, Littlewood T, Reed JR, Peniket A (2017) Developing a dedicated dermatology service for allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients. Br J Dermatol. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15343

  168. Acuna SA, Huang JW, Scott AL, Micic S, Daly C, Brezden-Masley C, Kim SJ, Baxter NN (2017) Cancer screening recommendations for solid organ transplant recipients: a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines. Am J Transplant 17(1):103–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13978

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Patel PH, Bibee K, Lim G, Malik SM, Wu C, Pugliano-Mauro M (2017) Evaluating retention of skin cancer education in kidney transplant recipients reveals a window of opportunity for re-education. Transplant Proc 49(6):1318–1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2017.03.079

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Wu SZ, Jiang P, DeCaro JE, Bordeaux JS (2016) A qualitative systematic review of the efficacy of sun protection education in organ transplant recipients. J Am Acad Dermatol 75(6):1238–1244.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2016.06.031

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Rizvi SMH, Aagnes B, Holdaas H, Gude E, Boberg KM, Bjørtuft Ø, Helsing P, Leivestad T, Møller B, Gjersvik P (2017) Long-term change in the risk of skin cancer after organ transplantation. A population-based nationwide cohort study. JAMA Dermatol. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.2984

  172. Yélamos O, Halpern AC, Weinstock MA (2017) Reply to ‘A phase II randomized controlled trial of nicotinamide for skin cancer chemoprevention in renal transplant recipients’. Br J Dermatol 176(2):551–552. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15203

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Wang A, Chan AW, Aasi S, Lee C, Krathen M (2016) Skin cancer prevention and treatment in solid organ transplant patients: a survey of the international transplant skin cancer collaborative. Dermatol Surg 42(5):682–683. https://doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000000668

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are deeply indebted to Dr. Benedetta Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli for her suggestions and the critical revision of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Luigi Naldi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Naldi, L., Venturuzzo, A. & Invernizzi, P. Dermatological Complications After Solid Organ Transplantation. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 54, 185–212 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-017-8657-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-017-8657-9

Keywords

Navigation