Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Dietary weight-loss interventions for the management of obesity in older adults

  • Published:
Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The obesity epidemic has reached old age in most industrialized countries, but trials elucidating the benefits and risks of weight reduction in older adults above 70 years of age with obesity remain scarce. While some findings demonstrate a reduced risk of mortality and other negative health outcomes in older individuals with overweight and mild obesity (i.e. body mass index (BMI) < 35 kg/m2), other recent research indicates that voluntary weight loss can positively affect diverse health outcomes in older individuals with overweight and obesity (BMI > 27 kg/m2), especially when combined with exercise. However, in this age group weight reduction is usually associated with a reduction of muscle mass and bone mineral density. Since uncertainty persists as to which level overweight or obesity might be tolerable (or even beneficial) for older persons, current recommendations are to consider weight reducing diets only for older persons that are obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and have weight-related health problems. Precise treatment modalities (e.g. appropriate level of caloric restriction and indicated dietary composition, such as specific dietary patterns or optimal protein content) as well as the most effective and safest way of adding exercise are still under research. Moreover, the long-term effects of weight-reducing interventions in older individuals remain to be clarified, and dietary concepts that work for older adults who are unable or unwilling to exercise are required. In conclusion, further research is needed to elucidate which interventions are effective in reducing obesity-related health risks in older adults without causing relevant harm in this vulnerable population.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. World Health Organization (WHO). Health topics: Obesity. https://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/.

  2. Batsis JA, Zagaria AB. Addressing obesity in aging patients. Med Clin North Am. 2018;102(1):65–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Fakhouri THI, Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of obesity among older adults in the United States. NCHS. Data Brief. 2007-2010;2012(106):1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hales CM, Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Freedman DS, Ogden CL. Trends in obesity and severe obesity prevalence in US youth and adults by sex and age, 2007-2008 to 2015-2016. JAMA. 2018;319(16):1723–5. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.3060.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Peralta M, Ramos M, Lipert A, Martins J, Marques A. Prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity in older adults from 10 European countries from 2005 to 2013. Scand J Public Health. 2018;46(5):522–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494818764810.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. DiMilia PR, Mittman AC, Batsis JA. Benefit-to-risk balance of weight loss interventions in older adults with obesity. Curr Diab Rep. 2019;19(11):114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-019-1249-8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Bischoff SC, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Chourdakis M, Cuerda C, Delzenne NM, et al. Towards a multidisciplinary approach to understand and manage obesity and related diseases. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(4):917–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.11.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bell JA, Sabia S, Singh-Manoux A, Hamer M, Kivimaki M. Healthy obesity and risk of accelerated functional decline and disability. Int J Obes. 2017;41(6):866–72. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2017.51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Taylor R Jr, Pergolizzi JV, Raffa RB, Nalamachu S, Balestrieri PJ. Pain and obesity in the older adult. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(38):6037–41. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612820666140316131431.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Feng Z, Lugtenberg M, Franse C, Fang X, Hu S, Jin C, et al. Risk factors and protective factors associated with incident or increase of frailty among community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0178383. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178383.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Mitchell RJ, Lord SR, Harvey LA, Close JC. Obesity and falls in older people: mediating effects of disease, sedentary behavior, mood, pain and medication use. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;60(1):52–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2014.09.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Colpani V, Baena CP, Jaspers L, van Dijk GM, Farajzadegan Z, Dhana K, et al. Lifestyle factors, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and elderly women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33(9):831–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-018-0374-z.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Global BMI Mortality Collaboration, Di Angelantonio E, Bhupathiraju SN, Wormser D, Gao P, Kaptoge S, et al. Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. Lancet. 2016;388(10046):776–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30175-1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, Garber AJ, Hurley DL, Jastreboff AM, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of endocrinology comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for medical Care of Patients with obesity. Endocr Pract. 2016;22(Suppl 3):1–203. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP161365.GL.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Winter JE, MacInnis RJ, Wattanapenpaiboon N, Nowson CA. BMI and all-cause mortality in older adults: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(4):875–90. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.068122.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Woolley C, Thompson C, Hakendorf P, Horwood C. The effect of age upon the interrelationship of BMI and inpatient health outcomes. J Nutr Health Aging. 2019;23(6):558–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-019-1206-x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Oreopoulos A, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Sharma AM, Fonarow GC. The obesity paradox in the elderly: potential mechanisms and clinical implications. Clin Geriatr Med. 2009;25(4):643–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2009.07.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Wang S, Ren J. Obesity paradox in aging: from prevalence to pathophysiology. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;61(2):182–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2018.07.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bowman K, Delgado J, Henley WE, Masoli JA, Kos K, Brayne C, et al. Obesity in older people with and without conditions associated with weight loss: follow-up of 955,000 primary care patients. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017;72(2):203–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glw147.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Gill LE, Bartels SJ, Batsis JA. Weight Management in Older Adults. Curr Obes Rep. 2015;4(3):379–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-015-0161-z.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Jackson SE, Beeken RJ, Wardle J. Obesity, perceived weight discrimination, and psychological well-being in older adults in England. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015;23(5):1105–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21052.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Batsis JA, Zbehlik AJ, Pidgeon D, Bartels SJ. Dynapenic obesity and the effect on long-term physical function and quality of life: data from the osteoarthritis initiative. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15:118. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-015-0118-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Wang L, Crawford JD, Reppermund S, Trollor J, Campbell L, Baune BT, et al. Body mass index and waist circumference predict health-related quality of life, but not satisfaction with life, in the elderly. Qual Life Res. 2018;27(10):2653–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-1904-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Monteagudo C, Dijkstra SC, Visser M. Self- perception of body weight status in older Dutch adults. J Nutr Health Aging. 2015;19(6):612–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-015-0486-z.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Mathus-Vliegen EM, Obesity OMTFotEAftSo. Prevalence, pathophysiology, health consequences and treatment options of obesity in the elderly: a guideline. Obes Facts 2012;5(3):460–483. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000341193.

  26. Villareal DT, Apovian CM, Kushner RF, Klein S. Obesity in older adults: technical review and position statement of the American Society for Nutrition and NAASO. Obesity Society Obes Res. 2005;13(11):1849–63. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Batsis JA, Gill LE, Masutani RK, Adachi-Mejia AM, Blunt HB, Bagley PJ, et al. Weight loss interventions in older adults with obesity: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials since 2005. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;65(2):257–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14514.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Normandin E, Chmelo E, Lyles MF, Marsh AP, Nicklas BJ. Effect of resistance training and caloric restriction on the metabolic syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017;49(3):413–9. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001122.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Nicklas BJ, Chmelo E, Delbono O, Carr JJ, Lyles MF, Marsh AP. Effects of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on physical function and mobility in overweight and obese older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(5):991–9. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.105270.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Nicklas BJ, Brinkley TE, Houston DK, Lyles MF, Hugenschmidt CE, Beavers KM, et al. Effects of caloric restriction on cardiorespiratory fitness, fatigue, and disability responses to aerobic exercise in older adults with obesity: a randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2019;74(7):1084–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gly159.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Villareal DT, Chode S, Parimi N, Sinacore DR, Hilton T, Armamento-Villareal R, et al. Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(13):1218–29. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1008234.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Volkert D, Beck AM, Cederholm T, Cruz-Jentoft A, Goisser S, Hooper L, et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics. Clin Nutr. 2019;38(1):10–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.05.024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Beavers KM, Walkup MP, Weaver AA, Lenchik L, Kritchevsky SB, Nicklas BJ, et al. Effect of exercise modality during weight loss on bone health in older adults with obesity and cardiovascular disease or metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33(12):2140–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3555.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Houston DK, Miller ME, Kitzman DW, Rejeski WJ, Messier SP, Lyles MF, et al. Long-term effects of randomization to a weight loss intervention in older adults: a pilot study. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr. 2019;38(1):83–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/21551197.2019.1572570.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Jiang BC, Villareal DT. Weight loss-induced reduction of bone mineral density in older adults with obesity. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr. 2019;38(1):100–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/21551197.2018.1564721.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Kammire DE, Walkup MP, Ambrosius WT, Lenchik L, Shapses SA, Nicklas BJ, et al. Effect of weight change following intentional weight loss on bone health in older adults with obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019;27(11):1839–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Papageorgiou M, Kerschan-Schindl K, Sathyapalan T, Pietschmann P. Is weight loss harmful for skeletal health in obese older adults? Gerontology. 2019;66:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1159/000500779.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Cetin DC, Nasr G. Obesity in the elderly: more complicated than you think. Cleve Clin J Med. 2014;81(1):51–61. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.81a.12165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Johnson KC, Bray GA, Cheskin LJ, Clark JM, Egan CM, Foreyt JP, et al. The effect of intentional weight loss on fracture risk in persons with diabetes: results from the look AHEAD randomized clinical trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2017;32(11):2278–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Parr EB, Coffey VG, Hawley JA. 'Sarcobesity': a metabolic conundrum. Maturitas. 2013;74(2):109–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.10.014.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Lee JS, Visser M, Tylavsky FA, Kritchevsky SB, Schwartz AV, Sahyoun N, et al. Weight loss and regain and effects on body composition: the health, aging, and body composition study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010;65(1):78–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glp042.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Newman AB, Lee JS, Visser M, Goodpaster BH, Kritchevsky SB, Tylavsky FA, et al. Weight change and the conservation of lean mass in old age: the health, aging and body composition study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(4):872–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/82.4.872.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Goisser S, Kemmler W, Porzel S, Volkert D, Sieber CC, Bollheimer LC, et al. Sarcopenic obesity and complex interventions with nutrition and exercise in community-dwelling older persons--a narrative review. Clin Interv Aging. 2015;10:1267–82. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S82454.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Barazzoni R, Bischoff SC, Boirie Y, Busetto L, Cederholm T, Dicker D, et al. Sarcopenic obesity: Time to meet the challenge. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(6 Pt A):1787–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.04.018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Batsis JA, Villareal DT. Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14(9):513–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-018-0062-9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Schaap LA, Koster A, Visser M. Adiposity, muscle mass, and muscle strength in relation to functional decline in older persons. Epidemiol Rev. 2013;35:51–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxs006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Porter Starr KN, McDonald SR, Weidner JA, Bales CW. Challenges in the Management of Geriatric Obesity in High Risk Populations. Nutrients. 2016;8(5). doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8050262.

  48. Zeanandin G, Molato O, Le Duff F, Guerin O, Hebuterne X, Schneider SM. Impact of restrictive diets on the risk of undernutrition in a free-living elderly population. Clin Nutr. 2012;31(1):69–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2011.08.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Yumuk V, Tsigos C, Fried M, Schindler K, Busetto L, Micic D, et al. European guidelines for obesity management in adults. Obes Facts. 2015;8(6):402–24. https://doi.org/10.1159/000442721.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, Cesari M, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Morley JE, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE study group. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(8):542–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Deutz NE, Bauer JM, Barazzoni R, Biolo G, Boirie Y, Bosy-Westphal A, et al. Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: recommendations from the ESPEN expert group. Clin Nutr. 2014;33(6):929–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2014.04.007.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Haywood C, Sumithran P. Treatment of obesity in older persons-a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2019;20(4):588–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12815.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Ard JD, Cook M, Rushing J, Frain A, Beavers K, Miller G, et al. Impact on weight and physical function of intensive medical weight loss in older adults with stage II and III obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;24(9):1861–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Haywood CJ, Prendergast LA, Purcell K, Le Fevre L, Lim WK, Galea M, et al. Very low calorie diets for weight loss in obese older adults-a randomized trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017;73(1):59–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glx012.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Haywood CJ, Prendergast LA, Lim R, Lappas M, Lim WK, Proietto J. Obesity in older adults: effect of degree of weight loss on cardiovascular markers and medications. Clin Obes. 2019;9(4):e12316. https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.12316.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Bales CW, Porter Starr KN. Obesity interventions for older adults: diet as a determinant of physical function. Adv Nutr. 2018;9(2):151–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmx016.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Buckinx F, Gaudreau P, Marcangeli V, Boutros GEH, Dulac MC, Morais JA, et al. Muscle adaptation in response to a high-intensity interval training in obese older adults: effect of daily protein intake distribution. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2019;31(6):863–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-019-01149-y.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Beavers KM, Nesbit BA, Kiel JR, Sheedy JL, Arterburn LM, Collins AE, et al. Effect of an energy-restricted, nutritionally complete, higher protein meal plan on body composition and mobility in older adults with obesity: a randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2019;74(6):929–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gly146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Weaver AA, Houston DK, Shapses SA, Lyles MF, Henderson RM, Beavers DP, et al. Effect of a hypocaloric, nutritionally complete, higher-protein meal plan on bone density and quality in older adults with obesity: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;109(2):478–86. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy237.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Serra M, Beavers D, Henderson R, Kelleher J, Kiel J, Beavers K. Effects of a Hypocaloric, nutritionally complete, higher protein meal plan on regional body fat and Cardiometabolic biomarkers in older adults with obesity. Ann Nutr Metab. 2019;74(2):149–55. https://doi.org/10.1159/000497066.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Al-Nimr RI. Optimal protein intake during weight loss interventions in older adults with obesity. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr. 2019;38(1):50–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/21551197.2018.1544533.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Backx EM, Tieland M, Borgonjen-van den Berg KJ, Claessen PR, van Loon LJ, de Groot LC. Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults. Int J Obes. 2016;40(2):299–304. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.182.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Verreijen AM, Engberink MF, Memelink RG, van der Plas SE, Visser M, Weijs PJ. Effect of a high protein diet and/or resistance exercise on the preservation of fat free mass during weight loss in overweight and obese older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J. 2017;16(1):10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-017-0229-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Verreijen AM, Verlaan S, Engberink MF, Swinkels S, de Vogel-van den Bosch J, Weijs PJ. A high whey protein-, leucine-, and vitamin D-enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(2):279–86. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.090290.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Beavers KM, Gordon MM, Easter L, Beavers DP, Hairston KG, Nicklas BJ, et al. Effect of protein source during weight loss on body composition, cardiometabolic risk and physical performance in abdominally obese, older adults: a pilot feeding study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2015;19(1):87–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-015-0438-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Berner LA, Becker G, Wise M, Doi J. Characterization of dietary protein among older adults in the United States: amount, animal sources, and meal patterns. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113(6):809–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2013.01.014.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Geisler C, Prado CM, Muller MJ. Inadequacy of Body Weight-Based Recommendations for Individual Protein Intake-Lessons from Body Composition Analysis. Nutrients. 2016;9(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9010023.

  68. Salas-Salvado J, Diaz-Lopez A, Ruiz-Canela M, Basora J, Fito M, Corella D, et al. Effect of a lifestyle intervention program with energy-restricted Mediterranean diet and exercise on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: one-year results of the PREDIMED-plus trial. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(5):777–88. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-0836.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Estruch R, Martínez-González MA, Corella D, Salas-Salvadó J, Fitó M, Chiva-Blanch G, et al. Effect of a high-fat Mediterranean diet on bodyweight and waist circumference: a prespecified secondary outcomes analysis of the PREDIMED randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(5):e6–e17. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30074-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Booth FW, Roberts CK, Laye MJ. Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases. Comprehensive Physiol. 2012;2(2):1143–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c110025.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Pedersen BK, Saltin B. Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25(Suppl 3):1–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12581.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Bray GA, Fruhbeck G, Ryan DH, Wilding JP. Management of obesity. Lancet (London, England). 2016;387(10031):1947–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00271-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. American College of Sports Medicine, Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Fiatarone Singh MA, Minson CT, Nigg CR, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(7):1510–30. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a0c95c.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Sardeli AV, Komatsu TR, Mori MA, Gaspari AF, Chacon-Mikahil MPT. Resistance Training Prevents Muscle Loss Induced by Caloric Restriction in Obese Elderly Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2018;10(4). doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040423.

  75. Villareal DT, Aguirre L, Gurney AB, Waters DL, Sinacore DR, Colombo E, et al. Aerobic or resistance exercise, or both, in dieting obese older adults. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(20):1943–55. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1616338.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. El-Khoury F, Cassou B, Charles MA, Dargent-Molina P. The effect of fall prevention exercise programmes on fall induced injuries in community dwelling older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2013;347:f6234. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f6234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Martinez-Amat A, Aibar-Almazan A, Fabrega-Cuadros R, Cruz-Diaz D, Jimenez-Garcia JD, Perez-Lopez FR, et al. Exercise alone or combined with dietary supplements for sarcopenic obesity in community-dwelling older people: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Maturitas. 2018;110:92–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.02.005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Sherrington C, Fairhall NJ, Wallbank GK, Tiedemann A, Michaleff ZA, Howard K, et al. Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;1:Cd012424. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012424.pub2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Steib S, Schoene D, Pfeifer K. Dose-response relationship of resistance training in older adults: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(5):902–14. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c34465.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Tak E, Kuiper R, Chorus A, Hopman-Rock M. Prevention of onset and progression of basic ADL disability by physical activity in community dwelling older adults: a meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2013;12(1):329–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2012.10.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Marques EA, Mota J, Carvalho J. Exercise effects on bone mineral density in older adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Age (Dordr). 2012;34(6):1493–515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-011-9311-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Fogelholm M. Physical activity, fitness and fatness: relations to mortality, morbidity and disease risk factors. A systematic review. Obes Rev. 2010;11(3):202–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00653.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Swift DL, Johannsen NM, Lavie CJ, Earnest CP, Church TS. The role of exercise and physical activity in weight loss and maintenance. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;56(4):441–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2013.09.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. McDonald SR, Porter Starr KN, Mauceri L, Orenduff M, Granville E, Ocampo C, et al. Meal-based enhancement of protein quality and quantity during weight loss in obese older adults with mobility limitations: rationale and design for the MEASUR-UP trial. Contemp Clin Trials. 2015;40:112–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2014.11.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Christensen P, Bliddal H, Riecke BF, Leeds AR, Astrup A, Christensen R. Comparison of a low-energy diet and a very low-energy diet in sedentary obese individuals: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Clin Obes. 2011;1(1):31–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-8111.2011.00006.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Espeland MA, Applegate WB, Ettinger WH Jr, Kostis JB, et al. Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). TONE Collab Res Group JAMA. 1998;279(11):839–46. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.11.839.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Colleluori G, Napoli N, Phadnis U, Armamento-Villareal R, Villareal DT. Effect of weight loss, exercise, or both on Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin and insulin secretion in frail. Obese Older Adults Oxidative Med and Cell Longevity. 2017;2017:4807046–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4807046.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Kelleher JL, Beavers DP, Henderson RM, Yow D, Crotts C, Kiel J et al. Weighted Vest Use during Dietary Weight Loss on Bone Health in Older Adults with Obesity. Journal of osteoporosis and physical activity. 2017;5(4). doi:https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9509.1000210.

  89. Normandin E, Yow D, Crotts C, Kiel J, Beavers KM, Nicklas BJ. Feasibility of Weighted Vest Use during a Dietary Weight Loss Intervention and Effects on Body Composition and Physical Function in Older Adults. J Frailty Aging. 2018;7(3):198–203. https://doi.org/10.14283/jfa.2018.17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Fanning J, Walkup MP, Ambrosius WT, Brawley LR, Ip EH, Marsh AP, et al. Change in health-related quality of life and social cognitive outcomes in obese, older adults in a randomized controlled weight loss trial: does physical activity behavior matter? J Behav Med. 2018;41(3):299–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-017-9903-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Rejeski WJ, Marsh AP, Fanning J, Ambrosius WT, Walkup MP, Nicklas BJ. Dietary weight loss, exercise, and inflammation in older adults with overweight or obesity and Cardiometabolic disease. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019;27(11):1805–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22600.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Beavers KM, Beavers DP, Martin SB, Marsh AP, Lyles MF, Lenchik L, et al. Change in bone mineral density during weight loss with resistance versus aerobic exercise training in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017;72(11):1582–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glx048.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Hugenschmidt CE, Leng X, Lyles M, Michael L, Dougherty A, Babcock P, et al. Cognitive effects of adding caloric restriction to aerobic exercise training in older adults with obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019;27(8):1266–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Kohrt WM, Barry DW, Schwartz RS. Muscle forces or gravity: what predominates mechanical loading on bone? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(11):2050–5. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a8c717.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Bean JF, Leveille SG, Kiely DK, Bandinelli S, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L. A comparison of leg power and leg strength within the InCHIANTI study: which influences mobility more? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003;58(8):728–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/58.8.m728.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Reid KF, Fielding RA. Skeletal muscle power: a critical determinant of physical functioning in older adults. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2012;40(1):4–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e31823b5f13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Shea MK, Nicklas BJ, Houston DK, Miller ME, Davis CC, Kitzman DW, et al. The effect of intentional weight loss on all-cause mortality in older adults: results of a randomized controlled weight-loss trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(3):839–46. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.006379.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Shea MK, Houston DK, Nicklas BJ, Messier SP, Davis CC, Miller ME, et al. The effect of randomization to weight loss on total mortality in older overweight and obese adults: the ADAPT study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010;65(5):519–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glp217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Waters DL, Vawter R, Qualls C, Chode S, Armamento-Villareal R, Villareal DT. Long-term maintenance of weight loss after lifestyle intervention in frail, obese older adults. J Nutr Health Aging. 2013;17(1):3–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-012-0421-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Chmelo EA, Beavers DP, Lyles MF, Marsh AP, Nicklas BJ, Beavers KM. Legacy effects of short-term intentional weight loss on total body and thigh composition in overweight and obese older adults. Nutr Diabetes. 2016;6:e203. https://doi.org/10.1038/nutd.2016.8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Houston DK, Neiberg RH, Miller ME, Hill JO, Jakicic JM, Johnson KC, et al. Physical function following a long-term lifestyle intervention among middle aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes: the look AHEAD study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2018;73(11):1552–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glx204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Kitzman DW, Brubaker P, Morgan T, Haykowsky M, Hundley G, Kraus WE, et al. Effect of caloric restriction or aerobic exercise training on peak oxygen consumption and quality of life in obese older patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315(1):36–46. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.17346.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Messier SP, Mihalko SL, Legault C, Miller GD, Nicklas BJ, DeVita P, et al. Effects of intensive diet and exercise on knee joint loads, inflammation, and clinical outcomes among overweight and obese adults with knee osteoarthritis: the IDEA randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;310(12):1263–73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.277669.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. Rejeski WJ, Brubaker PH, Goff DC Jr, Bearon LB, McClelland JW, Perri MG, et al. Translating weight loss and physical activity programs into the community to preserve mobility in older, obese adults in poor cardiovascular health. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(10):880–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2010.522.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  105. Zanandrea V, Barreto de Souto P, Cesari M, Vellas B, Rolland Y. Obesity and nursing home: a review and an update. Clin Nutr. 2013;32(5):679–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2013.05.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Geriatric Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

    Sabine Goisser & Jürgen M. Bauer

  2. Network Aging Research (NAR), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

    Sabine Goisser & Jürgen M. Bauer

  3. Institute for Biomedicine of Aging (IBA), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany

    Eva Kiesswetter & Gabriel Torbahn

  4. Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

    Daniel Schoene

  5. Department of Geriatric Rehabilitation, Robert-Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany

    Daniel Schoene

Authors
  1. Sabine Goisser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Eva Kiesswetter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Daniel Schoene
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Gabriel Torbahn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jürgen M. Bauer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sabine Goisser.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and animal participants

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Goisser, S., Kiesswetter, E., Schoene, D. et al. Dietary weight-loss interventions for the management of obesity in older adults. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 21, 355–368 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-020-09577-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-020-09577-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation