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Gut microbiota and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

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Abstract

About two third of the human microbial commensal community, namely the gut microbiota, is hosted by the gastrointestinal tract which represents the largest interface of the organism to the external environment. This microbial community co-evolved in a symbiotic relationship with the human beings. Growing evidence support the notion that the microbiota plays a significant role in maintaining nutritional, metabolic and immunologic homeostasis in the host. Microbiota, beside the expected role in maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis also exerts metabolic functions in nutrients digestion and absorption, detoxification and vitamins’ synthesis. Intestinal microbiota is also key in the correct development of the lymphoid system, 70% of which resides at the intestinal level. Available studies, both in murine models and humans, have shown an altered ratio between the different phyla, which characterize a” normal” gut microbiota, in a number of different disorders including obesity, to which a significant part of the studies on intestinal microbiota has been addressed so far. These variations in gut microbiota composition, known as dysbiosis, has been also described in patients bearing intestinal autoimmune diseases as well as type 1 diabetes mellitus, systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Being Hashimoto’s thyroiditis the most frequent autoimmune disorder worldwide, the analysis of the reciprocal influence with intestinal microbiota gained interest. The whole thyroid peripheral homeostasis may be sensitive to microbiota changes but there is also evidence that the genesis and progression of autoimmune thyroid disorders may be significantly affected from a changing intestinal microbial composition or even from overt dysbiosis. In this brief review, we focused on the main features which characterize the reciprocal influence between microbiota and thyroid autoimmunity described in the most recent literature.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Endocrinology Section, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Latina, Italy

    Camilla Virili & Marco Centanni

  2. Endocrinology Unit, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, Latina, Italy

    Camilla Virili & Marco Centanni

  3. Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, I-56126, Pisa, Italy

    Poupak Fallahi

  4. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Alessandro Antonelli

  5. Interdepartmental Program of Molecular & Clinical Endocrinology, and Women’s Endocrine Health, University Hospital “G. Martino”, Messina, Italy

    Salvatore Benvenga

  6. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario G. Martino, Messina, Italy

    Salvatore Benvenga

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  1. Camilla Virili
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Virili, C., Fallahi, P., Antonelli, A. et al. Gut microbiota and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 19, 293–300 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-018-9467-y

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