Abstract
Purpose
Determine age and gender differences and interaction effects in domain-specific life satisfaction in the German population and examine to which degree depressive and anxiety symptoms are associated with life satisfaction in addition to sociodemographic variables, and which domains are affected.
Methods
Representative survey of the German population conducted 2006 with 5,036 participants (53.6% female). Mean age was 48.4 years (SD = 18.0). Measurements included domain-specific life satisfaction (FLZM), anxiety (GAD-7), depressive symptoms (PHQ-2), and sociodemographic variables (e.g., marital status, income, employment, education, urbanity, part of Germany, religiousness, age and gender).
Results
Women were more satisfied with their family life, men showed greater satisfaction with their leisure activities. Age-group differences appeared in every life satisfaction domain. Age by gender interaction emerged in the field of satisfaction with health, income, and family life. Anxiety and depressive symptoms contributed significantly to the explained variance of domain-specific life satisfaction.
Conclusions
Depressive and anxiety symptoms as two psychological variables have an additional impact on domain-specific life satisfaction. Further investigation is needed regarding the impact of psychological variables on domain-specific life satisfaction.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Murray, C. J., & Lopez, A. D. (1996). The global burden of disease: A comprehensive of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Saarni, S. I., Suvisaari, J., Sintonen, H., Pirkola, S., Koskinen, S., Aromaa, A., et al. (2007). Impact of psychiatric disorders on health-related quality of life: General population survey. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 326–332.
Ravens-Sieberer, U., & Cieza, A. (2000). Lebensqualitätsforschung und Gesundheitsökonomie in der Medizin. München: Landsberg: Ecomed.
George, L. K. (2002). Life satisfaction. In J. R. M. Copeland, M. T. Abou-Saleh, & D. G. Blazer (Eds.), Principles and practice of geriatric psychiatry (2nd ed., pp. 75–77). New York, London: Wiley.
Herschbach, P. (2002). The “well-being paradox” in quality of life research. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 52(2–3), 141–150.
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the satisfaction with life scale. Psychological Assessment, 5, 164–172.
Calman, K. C. (1984). Quality of life in cancer patients—an hypothesis. Journal of Medical Ethics, 10, 124–127.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575.
Henning, E. R., Turk, C. L., Mennin, D. S., Fresco, D. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). Impairment and quality of life in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 24, 342–349.
Norberg, M. M., Diefenbach, G. J., & Tolin, D. F. (2008). Quality of life and anxiety and depressive disorder comorbidity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(8), 1516–1522.
Lucht, M., Schaub, R. T., Meyer, C., Hapke, U., Rumpf, H. J., Bartels, T., et al. (2003). Gender differences in unipolar depression: A general population survey of adults between age 18–64 of German nationality. Journal of Affective Disorders, 77, 203–211.
Breslau, N., Chilcoat, H. D., & Peterson, E. L. (2000). Gender differences in major depression: The role of anxiety. In E. Frank (Ed.), Gender and its effects on psychopathology (pp. 131–150). Washington, DC, US: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Aberg, F., Rissanen, A. M., Sintonen, H., Roine, R. P., Höckerstedt, K., & Isoniemi, H. (2009). Health related quality of life and employment status of liver transplant patients. Liver Transplantation, 15(1), 64–72.
Lubetkin, E. I., Jia, H., Franks, P., & Gold, M. R. (2005). Relationship among sociodemographic factors, clinical conditions, and health-related quality of life: Examining the EQ-5D in the U.S. general population. Quality of Life Research, 14, 2187–2196.
Dominick, K. L., Ahern, F. M., Gold, C. H., & Heller, D. A. (2002). Relationship of health-related quality of life to health care utilization and mortality among older adults. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 14, 499–508.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Kucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302.
Murdaugh, C., Moneyham, L., Jackson, K., Phillips, K., & Tavakoli, A. (2006). Predictors of quality of life in HIV-infected rural women: Psychometric test of chronic illness quality of life ladder. Quality of Life Research, 15(5), 777–789.
Manocchia, M., Keller, S., & Ware, J. E. (2001). Sleep problems, health-related quality of life, work functioning and health care utilization among the chronically ill. Quality of Life Research, 10(4), 331–345.
Freund, A. M., & Baltes, P. B. (1998). Selection, optimization, and compensation as strategies of life management: Correlations with subjective indicators of successful aging. Psychology and Aging, 13(4), 531–543.
Fujita, F., & Diener, E. (2005). Life satisfaction set point: Stability and change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(1), 158–164.
Statistisches Bundesamt. (2006). Mikrozensus 2005. Wiesbaden: Statistisches Bundesamt.
Henrich, G., & Herschbach, P. (2000). Questions on life satisfaction—a short measure for assessing quality of life. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 16, 159.
Goldbeck, L., & Schmitz, T. G. (2001). Comparison of three generic questionnaires measuring quality of life in adolescents and adults with cystic fibrosis: The 36-item short form health survey, the quality of life profile for chronic diseases, and the questions on life satisfaction. Quality of Life Research, 10, 23–36.
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 1092–1097.
Löwe, B., Decker, O., Müller, S., Brähler, E., Schellberg, D., Herzog, W., et al. (2008). Validation and standardization of the general anxiety disorder screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Medical Care, 46(3), 266–274.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) (4th ed.). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Löwe, B., Kroenke, K., & Gräfe, K. (2005). Detecting and monitoring depression with a 2-item questionnaire (PHQ-2). Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 163–171.
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2003). The patient health questionnaire-2: Validity of a two-item depression screener. Medical Care, 41, 1284–1292.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multifariate statistics (Vol. 4). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Bourque, P., Pushkar, D., Bonneville, L., & Beland, F. (2005). Contextual effects on life satisfaction of older men and women. Canadian Journal on Aging, 24(1), 31–44.
Baxter, J., Eby, C., Mason, L., Cortese, C. F., & Hamman, R. R. (1998). Social network factors associated with perceived quality of life. Journal of Aging and Health, 10, 287–310.
Cartensen, L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socio-emotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 1, 331–338.
Sherman, A., & Walls, J. W. (1995). Gender differences in the relationship of moderator variables to stress and symptoms. Psychology and Health, 10, 321–331.
Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2000). Influences of socioeconomic status, social network, and competence on subjective well-being in later life: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 15(2), 187–224.
Parson, T., & Bales, R. F. (1955). Family, socialization, and interaction processes. New York: Free Press.
Maume, D. J. (2006). Gender differences in restricting work efforts because of family responsibilities. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 859–869.
Rupert, P. A., & Kent, J. S. (2007). Gender and work setting differences in career-sustaining behaviors and burnout among professional psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(1), 88–96.
Calasanti, T. M. (1996). Gender and life satisfaction in retirement: An assessment of the male model. Journals of Gerontology, 51B, 18–29.
Chipperfield, J. D., & Havens, B. (2001). Gender differences in the relationship between marital status transitions and life satisfaction in later life. Journals of Gerontology, 56B, 176–186.
Mroczek, D. K., & Kolarz, C. M. (1998). The effect of age on positive and negative affect: A developmental perspective on happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 134–1333.
Oishi, S., Diener, E., & Lucas, R. E. (2007). The optimum level of well-being. Can people be too happy? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(4), 346–360.
Katsching, H., Freeman, H., & Sartorius, N. (1997). Quality of life in mental disorders. Chichester, New York, Weinheim, Brisbane, Singapore, Torronto: Wiley.
Hofer, S. M., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2001). Understanding Ageing. An evaluation of research designs for assessing the interdependence of ageing-related changes. Gerontology, 47(6), 341–352.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Daig, I., Herschbach, P., Lehmann, A. et al. Gender and age differences in domain-specific life satisfaction and the impact of depressive and anxiety symptoms: a general population survey from Germany. Qual Life Res 18, 669–678 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-009-9481-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-009-9481-3