Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The New Species Concept in Dermatophytes—a Polyphasic Approach

  • Published:
Mycopathologia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The dermatophytes are among the most frequently observed organisms in biomedicine, yet there has never been stability in the taxonomy, identification and naming of the approximately 25 pathogenic species involved. Since the identification of these species is often epidemiologically and ethically important, the difficulties in dermatophyte identification are a fruitful topic for modern molecular biological investigation, done in tandem with renewed investigation of phenotypic characters. Molecular phylogenetic analyses such as multilocus sequence typing have had to be tailored to accommodate differing the mechanisms of speciation that have produced the dermatophytes that are commonly seen today. Even so, some biotypes that were unambiguously considered species in the past, based on profound differences in morphology and pattern of infection, appear consistently not to be distinct species in modern molecular analyses. Most notable among these are the cosmopolitan bane of nails and feet, Trichophyton rubrum, and the endemic African agent of childhood tinea capitis, Trichophyton soudanense, which are effectively inseparable in all analyses. The molecular data require some reinterpretation of results seen in conventional phenotypic tests, but in most cases, phylogenetic insight is readily integrated with current laboratory testing procedures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kane J, Summerbell RC, Sigler L, Krajden S, Land G. Laboratory handbook of dermatophytes. Belmont CA, USA: Star Publishers; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Gupta AK, Hofstader SL, Adam P, Summerbell RC. Tinea capitis: an overview with emphasis on management. Pediatr Dermatol. 1999;16:171–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Rippon JW, Fromting RA. Cutaneous antifungal agents. New York: Dekker; 1993. p. 199–214.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE. Medical mycology. Philadelphia USA: Lea & Febiger; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Elewski BE, Leyden J, Rinaldi MG, Atillasoy E. Office practice-based confirmation of onychomycosis: a US-nationwide prospective survey. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2133–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Arcus KD, Kessel AS. Are medical ethics relative to time and place? Star Wars perspective on the Alder Hey affair. BMJ. 2002;325:1493–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Summerbell RC. What is the evolutionary and taxonomic status of asexual lineages in the dermatophytes? Stud Mycol. 2002;47:97–101.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Gräser Y, Kühnisch J, Presber W. Molecular markers reveal exclusively clonal reproduction in Trichophyton rubrum. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:3713–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Gräser Y, Fröhlich J, Presber W, de Hoog GS. Microsatellite markers reveal geographic population differentiation in Trichophyton rubrum. J Med Microbiol. 2007;56:1058–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Gräser Y, de Hoog GS, Summerbell RC. Dermatophytes: recognizing species of clonal fungi. Med Mycol. 2006;44:199–209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Malmsten PH. Trichophyton tonsurans, hårskärande mögel. Bidrag till utredande af de sjukdomar, som vålla hårets affall. Stockholm: L.J. Hjerta; 1845.

  12. Sabouraud R. Les teignes. Paris: Masson & Co.; 1910.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Emmons CW. Dermatophytes. Natural grouping based on the form of the spores and accessory organs. Arch Dermatol Syphilol. 1934;30:337–62.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ajello L, Georg LK. In vitro hair cultures for differentiating between atypical isolates of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum. Mycopathol Mycol Appl. 1957;8:3–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Georg LK, Camp LB. Routine nutritional tests for the identification of dermatophytes. J Bacteriol. 1957;74:113–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Rosenthal SA, Sokolsky H. Enzymatic studies with pathogenic fungi. Dermatol Int. 1965;4:72–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Philpot C. The differentiation of Trichophyton mentagrophytes from Trichophyton rubrum by a simple urease test. Sabouraudia. 1967;5:189–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Fischer JB, Kane J. The detection of contamination in Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Mycopathol Mycol Appl. 1971;19:169–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Summerbell RC, Rosenthal SA, Kane J. Rapid method of differentiation of Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and related dermatophyte species. J Clin Microbiol. 1988;26:2279–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kane J, Salkin IF, Weitzman I, Smitka C. Trichophyton raubitschekii sp. nov. Mycotaxon. 1981;13:259–66.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Padhye AA, Weitzman I, Domenech E. An unusual variant of Trichophyton tonsurans var. sulfureum. J Med Vet Mycol. 1994;32:147–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Dawson CO, Gentles JC. The perfect states of Keratinomyces ajelloi Vanbreuseghem, Trichophyton terrestre Durie and Frey and Microsporum nanum Fuentes. Sabouraudia. 1961;1:49–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Stockdale PM. Nannizzia incurvata gen. nov., sp. nov., a perfect state of Microsporum gypseum (Bodin) Guiart et Grigorakis. Sabouraudia. 1961;1:41–8.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Stockdale PM. Sexual stimulation between Arthroderma simii Stockd., Mackenzie and Austwick and related species. Sabouraudia. 1968;6:176–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Summerbell RC. Form and function in the evolution of dermatophytes. In: Kushwaha RKS, Guarro J, editors. Biology of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2000;17 Suppl:30–43.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Rebell G, Taplin G. Dermatophytes, their identification and recognition. 2nd ed. Miami, FL, USA: University of Miami Press; 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Davison FD, Mackenzie DW, Owen RJ. Deoxyribonucleic acid base compositions of dermatophytes. J Gen Microbiol. 1980;118:465–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Mochizuki T, Uehara M, Menon T, Ranganathan S. Minipreparation of total cellular DNA is useful as an alternative molecular marker of mitochondrial DNA for the identification of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum. Mycoses. 1996;39:31–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Gräser Y, El Fari M, Vilgalys R, Kuijpers AFA, de Hoog GS, Presber W, Tietz HJ. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the family Arthrodermataceae (dermatophytes) using sequence analysis of the ribosomal ITS region. Med Mycol. 1999;37:105–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Gräser Y, Kuipers A, Presber W, de Hoog S. Molecular taxonomy of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans. Med Mycol. 1999;37:315–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Makimura K, Tamura Y, Mochizuki T, Hasegawa A, Tajiri Y, Hanazawa R, Uchida K, Saito H, Yamaguchi H. Phylogenetic classification and species identification of dermatophyte strains based on DNA sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 regions. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:920–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Gräser Y, Kuijpers AFA, El Fari M, Presber W, de Hoog GS. Molecular and conventional taxonomy of the Microsporum canis complex. Med Mycol. 2000;38:143–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Gräser Y, de Hoog GS, Kuijpers AFA. Recent advances in the molecular taxonomy of dermatophytes. In: Kushwaha RKS, Guarro J, editors. Biology of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2000;17(Suppl.):17–21.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Summerbell RC, Haugland R, Li A, Gupta AK. Ribosomal RNA gene internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 sequences of asexual, anthropophilic dermatophytes related to Trichophyton rubrum. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:4005–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kano R, Aihara S, Nakamura Y, Watanabe S, Hasegawa A. Chitin synthase 1 (Chs1) gene sequences of Microsporum equinum and Trichophyton equinum. Vet Microbiol. 2001;78:85–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Summerbell RC, Moore MK, Starink-Willemse M, Van Iperen A. ITS barcodes for Trichophyton tonsurans and T. equinum. Med Mycol. 2007;45:193–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Probst S, de Hoog GS, Gräser Y. Development of DNA markers to explore host shifts in dermatophytes. Stud Mycol. 2003;47:57–74.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Kaszubiak A, Klein S, de Hoog GS, Gräser Y. Population structure and evolutionary origins of Microsporum canis, M. ferrugineum and M. audouinii. Inf Gen Evol. 2004;4:179–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Summerbell RC, Weitzman I, Padhye A. The Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex: biological species and mating type prevalences of North American isolates, and a review of the worldwide distribution and host associations of species and mating types. Stud Mycol. 2002;47:75–86.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Mochizuki T, Watanabe S, Uehara M. Genetic homogeneity of Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale isolated from geographically distant regions. J Med Vet Mycol. 1996;34:139–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Vanbreuseghem R. Guide Pratique de Mycologie Médicale et Vétérinaire. Paris: Masson & Co.; 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Summerbell RC, Li A, Haugland R. What constitutes a functional species in the asexual dermatophytes? Microbiol Cult Coll. 1997;13:29–37.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Sequeira H, Cabrita J, de Vroey C, Wuytack-Raes C. Contribution to our knowledge of Trichophyton megninii. J Med Vet Mycol. 1991;29:417–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Ohst T, de Hoog GS, Presber W, Gräser Y. Origins of microsatellite diversity in the Trichophyton rubrum–T. violaceum clade (dermatophytes). J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:4444–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kane J, Krajden S, Summerbell RC, Sibbald RG. Infections caused by Trichophyton raubitschekii: clinical and epidemiological features. Mycoses. 1990;33:499–506.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Tietz HJ, Hopp M, Gräser Y. First isolation of Trichophyton raubitschekii (syn. T. rubrum) in Europe. Mycoses. 2002;45:10–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Brasch J, Gräser Y. The raubitschekii variant of Trichophyton rubrum has reached Germany. Hautarzt. 2005;56:473–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Summerbell RC. Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and agents of superficial mycosis. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH, editors. Manual of clinical microbiology. 9th ed. Washington DC: ASM Press (in press).

  49. Sharma R, de Hoog GS, Presber W, Gräser Y. A virulent genotype of Microsporum canis is responsible for the majority of human infections. J Med Microbiol. 2007;56:1377–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Brasch J, Gräser Y. Trichophyton eboreum sp. nov. isolated from human skin. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:5230–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Sharma R, Rajak RC, Pandey AK, Gräser Y. Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) of rDNA of appendaged and non-appendaged strains of Microsporum gypseum reveals Microsporum appendiculatum as its synonym. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2006;20:197–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Avise JC, Ball RM. Principles of genealogical concordance in species concepts and biological taxonomy. Oxford Surv Evol Biol. 1990;7:45–67.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Maiden MCJ, Bygraves JA, Feil E, Morelli G, Russell JE, Urwin R, Zhang Q, Zhou JJ, Zurth K, Caugant DA, et al. Multilocus sequence typing—a portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:3140–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Jackson CJ, Barton RC, Evans EG. Species identification and strain differentiation of dermatophyte fungi by analysis of ribosomal-DNA intergenic spacer regions. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:931–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Henderson ST, Petes TD. Instability of simple sequence DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1992;12:2749–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Gräser Y, El Fari M, Sterry W, Presber W, Tietz HJ. Identification of common dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton) using PCR fingerprinting. Br J Dermatol. 1998;138:576–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Liu D, Coloe S, Baird R, Pedersen J. Application of PCR to the identification of dermatophyte fungi. J Med Microbiol. 2000;49:493–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Currah RS. Taxonomy of the Onygenales: Arthrodermataceae, Gymnoascaceae, Myccotrichaceae and Onygenaceae. Mycotaxon. 1985;24:1–216.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Leclerc MC, Philippe H, Guého E. Phylogeny of dermatophytes and dimorphic fungi based on large subunit ribosomal RNA sequence comparisons. J Med Vet Mycol. 1994;32:331–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Harmsen D, Schwinn A, Weig M, Brocker EB, Heesemann J. Phylogeny and dating of some pathogenic keratinophilic fungi using small subunit ribosomal RNA. J Med Vet Mycol. 1995;33:299–303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Hirai A, Kano R, Nakamura Y, Watanabe S, Hasegawa A. Molecular taxonomy of dermatophytes and related fungi by chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) gene sequences. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2003;83:11–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Campbell CK, Borman AM, Linton CJ, Bridge PD, Johnson EM. Arthroderma olidum, sp. nov. A new addition to the Trichophyton terrestre complex. Med Mycol. 2006;44:451–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kawasaki M, Aoki M, Ishizaki H. Phylogenetic relationships of some Microsporum and Arthroderma species inferred from mitochondrial DNA analysis. Mycopathologia. 1995;130:11–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Okeke CN, Tsuboi R, Kawai M, Hiruma M, Ogawa H. Isolation of an intron-containing partial sequence of the gene encoding dermatophyte actin (ACT) and detection of a fragment of the transcript by reverse transcription-nested PCR as a means of assessing the viability of dermatophytes in skin scales. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:101–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Kanbe T, Suzuki Y, Kamiya A, Mochizuki T, Fujihiro M, Kikuchi A. PCR-based identification of common dermatophyte species using primer sets specific for the DNA topoisomerase II genes. J Dermatol Sci. 2003;32:151–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Kanbe T, Suzuki Y, Kamiya A, Mochizuki T, Kawasaki M, Fujihiro M, Kikuchi A. Species-identification of dermatophytes Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton by PCR and PCR-RFLP targeting of the DNA topoisomerase II genes. J Dermatol Sci. 2003;33:41–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Ninet B, Jan I, Bontems O, Lechenne B, Jousson O, Panizzon R, Lew D, Monod M. Identification of dermatophyte species by 28S ribosomal DNA sequencing with a commercial kit. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:826–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Trotha R, Gräser Y, Platt J, Koster A, König B, König W, Freytag C. Tinea barbae caused by a zoophilic strain of Trichophyton interdigitale. Mycoses. 2003;46:60–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Hironaga M, Fujigaki T, Watanabe S. Trichophyton mentagrophytes skin infections in laboratory animals as a cause of zoonosis. Mycopathologia. 1981;73:101–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Makimura K, Mochizuki T, Hasegawa A, Uchida K, Saito H, Yamaguchi H. Phylogenetic classification of Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex strains based on DNA sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 regions. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:2629–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Takashio M. Une nouvelle forme sexuée du complexe Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii sp. nov. Ann Parasitol (Paris). 1975;48:713–32.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Hata Y, Amagai M, Naka W, Harada R, Nishkawa T. Two cases of Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection contracted from a hamster and a chinchilla. Jpn J Med Mycol. 2000;41:269–73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Kim JA, Takahashi Y, Tanaka R, Fukushima K, Nishimura K, Miyaji M. Identification and subtyping of Trichophyton mentagrophytes by random amplified polymorphic DNA. Mycoses. 2001;44:157–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Symoens F, Willenz P, Rouma V, Planard C, Nolard N. Isoelectric focusing applied to taxonomic differentiation of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex and the related Trichophyton interdigitale. Mycoses. 1989;32:652–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Ranganathan S, Balajee SAM, Menon T. Mating patterns of dermatophytes of diverse origin in India. Mycopathologia. 1996;136:91–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Fumeaux J, Mock M, Ninet B, Jan I, Bontems O, Lechenne B, Lew D, Panizzon RG, Jousson O, Monod M. First report of Arthroderma benhamiae in Switzerland. Dermatology. 2004;208:244–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Nishio K, Kawasaki M, Ishizaki H. Phylogeny of the genera Trichophyton using mitochondrial DNA analysis. Mycopathologia. 1992;117:127–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Deng S, Bulmer GS, Summerbell RC, de Hoog GS, Hui Y, Gräser Y. Changes in frequency of agents of tinea capitis in school children from Western China suggest slow migration rates in dermatophytes. Med Mycol. 2008 (in press).

  79. Ivanova LG, Polyakov ID. Trichophyton sarkisovii Ivanova & Polyakov, sp. nov. – a new species of pathogenic fungus giving rise to dermatomycosis of camel. Mikol Fitopatol. 1983;17:363–7.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Takahashi Y, Sano A, Takizawa K, Fukushima K, Miyaji M, Nishimura K. The epidemiology and mating behaviour of Arthroderma benhamiae var. erinacei in household four-toed hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris) in Japan. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi. 2003;44:31–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Scott DB. An outbreak of ringworm in karakul sheep caused by a physiological variant of Trichophyton verrucosum Bodin. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1975;42:49–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Gräser Y, Kuijpers AFA, Presber W, de Hoog GS. Molecular taxonomy of the Trichophyton rubrum complex. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:3329–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Jackson CJ, Barton RC, Kelly SL, Evans EG. Strain identification of Trichophyton rubrum by specific amplification of subrepeat elements in the ribosomal DNA nontranscribed spacer. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:4527–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Gupta AK, Kohli Y, Summerbell RC. Exploratory study of single-copy genes and ribosomal intergenic spacers for distinction of dermatophytes. Stud Mycol. 2002;47:87–96.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Kano R, Okabayashi K, Nakamura Y, Ooka S, Kashima M, Mizoguchi M, Watanabe S, Hasegawa A. Differences among chitin synthase I gene sequences in Trichophyton rubrum and T. violaceum. Med Mycol. 2000;38:47–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Summerbell RC, Cooper E, Bunn U, Jamieson F, Gupta AK. Onychomycosis: a critical study of techniques and criteria for confirming the etiologic significance of nondermatophytes. Med Mycol. 2005;43:39–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Kardjeva V, Summerbell R, Kantardjiev T, Devliotou-Panagiotidou D, Sotiriou E, Gräser Y. Rapid diagnosis of onychomycosis with subtyping of Trichophyton rubrum strains. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:1419–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Iwen PC. Molecular detection and typing of fungal pathogens. Clin Lab Med. 2003;23:781–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Beifuß B, Bezold G, Korting, HC. Etablierung einer molekularen Sofortdiagnostik von fünf gängigen Dermatophyten-Spezies aus nativem Patientenmaterial mittels einer sensitiven PCR-ELISA-Methode innerhalb von 24 Stunden: 40. Congress of „Deutschsprachige Mykologische Gesellschaft (DMYKG)“, September 2006, Innsbruck.

  90. Savin C, Huck S, Rolland C, Benderdouche M, Faure O, Noacco G, Menotti J, Candolfi E, Pelloux H, Grillot R, Coupe S, Derouin F. Multicenter evaluation of a commercial PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay diagnostic kit (Onychodiag) for diagnosis of dermatophytic onychomycosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:1205–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Parasitology, Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité, Humboldt University, Dorotheenstr. 96, 10117, Berlin, Germany

    Yvonne Gräser

  2. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1R4

    James Scott

  3. Sporometrics Inc., 219 Dufferin St., Suite 20C, Toronto, ON, Canada, M6K 1Y9

    James Scott & Richard Summerbell

Authors
  1. Yvonne Gräser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. James Scott
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Richard Summerbell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yvonne Gräser.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gräser, Y., Scott, J. & Summerbell, R. The New Species Concept in Dermatophytes—a Polyphasic Approach. Mycopathologia 166, 239–256 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-008-9099-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-008-9099-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation