Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 7/2016

01.12.2016 | geriatrics: at crossroads of medicine

Publication trends in cachexia and sarcopenia in elderly heart failure patients

verfasst von: PD Dr. Jochen Springer, Stefan D. Anker

Erschienen in: Wiener klinische Wochenschrift | Sonderheft 7/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Summary

The loss of skeletal mass – sarcopenia and cachexia – is considered to be a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure (CHF). Unfortunately, sarcopenia is generally considered to be a geriatric syndrome, but not necessarily seen as a comorbidity in CHF, even though it has a wide range of adverse health outcomes. While there were 15,574 publication with the title word “heart failure” in PubMed in the 5‑year period from 1 June 2011 to 31 May 2016, only 22 or 71 publications were found with the search combination “sarcopenia” or “cachexia” (title word) and “heart failure” (all fields), respectively. This shows very clearly that loss of muscle quality and function due to heart failure is still an underappreciated problem in the medical field.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Teixeira A, Parenica J, Park JJ, Ishihara S, AlHabib KF, Laribi S, et al. Clinical presentation and outcome by age categories in acute heart failure: results from an international observational cohort. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:1114–23.PubMedCrossRef Teixeira A, Parenica J, Park JJ, Ishihara S, AlHabib KF, Laribi S, et al. Clinical presentation and outcome by age categories in acute heart failure: results from an international observational cohort. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:1114–23.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Cowie MR, Anker SD, Cleland JGF, Felker GM, Filippatos G, Jaarsma T, et al. Improving care for patients with acute heart failure: before, during and after hospitalization. Esc Heart Fail. 2014;1:110–45.CrossRef Cowie MR, Anker SD, Cleland JGF, Felker GM, Filippatos G, Jaarsma T, et al. Improving care for patients with acute heart failure: before, during and after hospitalization. Esc Heart Fail. 2014;1:110–45.CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, Carnethon M, Dai S, De Simone G, et al. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics – 2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;121:948–54.PubMedCrossRef Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, Carnethon M, Dai S, De Simone G, et al. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics – 2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;121:948–54.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JG, Coats AJ, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016;2016(18):891–975.CrossRef Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JG, Coats AJ, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016;2016(18):891–975.CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Ponikowski P, Anker SD, AlHabib KF, Cowie MR, Force TL, Hu S, et al. Heart failure: preventing disease and death worldwide. ESC Heart Fail. 2014;1:4–25.CrossRef Ponikowski P, Anker SD, AlHabib KF, Cowie MR, Force TL, Hu S, et al. Heart failure: preventing disease and death worldwide. ESC Heart Fail. 2014;1:4–25.CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Shimokawa H, Miura M, Nochioka K, Sakata Y. Heart failure as a general pandemic in Asia. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:884–92.PubMedCrossRef Shimokawa H, Miura M, Nochioka K, Sakata Y. Heart failure as a general pandemic in Asia. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:884–92.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Greene SJ, Fonarow GC, Solomon SD, Subacius H, Maggioni AP, Bohm M, et al. Global variation in clinical profile, management, and post-discharge outcomes among patients hospitalized for worsening chronic heart failure: findings from the ASTRONAUT trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:591–600.PubMedCrossRef Greene SJ, Fonarow GC, Solomon SD, Subacius H, Maggioni AP, Bohm M, et al. Global variation in clinical profile, management, and post-discharge outcomes among patients hospitalized for worsening chronic heart failure: findings from the ASTRONAUT trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:591–600.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Harikrishnan S, Sanjay G, Anees T, Viswanathan S, Vijayaraghavan G, Bahuleyan CG, et al. Clinical presentation, management, in-hospital and 90-day outcomes of heart failure patients in Trivandrum, Kerala, India: the Trivandrum Heart Failure Registry. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:794–800.PubMedCrossRef Harikrishnan S, Sanjay G, Anees T, Viswanathan S, Vijayaraghavan G, Bahuleyan CG, et al. Clinical presentation, management, in-hospital and 90-day outcomes of heart failure patients in Trivandrum, Kerala, India: the Trivandrum Heart Failure Registry. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:794–800.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen LK, Lee WJ, Peng LN, Liu LK, Arai H, Akishita M. Recent advances in sarcopenia research in Asia: 2016 update from the asian working group for sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17:767:e1–7. Chen LK, Lee WJ, Peng LN, Liu LK, Arai H, Akishita M. Recent advances in sarcopenia research in Asia: 2016 update from the asian working group for sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17:767:e1–7.
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Konishi M, Ishida J, Springer J, von Haehling S, Akashi YJ, Shimokawa H, et al. Heart failure epidemiology and novel treatments in Japan: facts and numbers. ESC Heart Fail. 2016;3:145–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Konishi M, Ishida J, Springer J, von Haehling S, Akashi YJ, Shimokawa H, et al. Heart failure epidemiology and novel treatments in Japan: facts and numbers. ESC Heart Fail. 2016;3:145–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Hassanein M, Abdelhamid M, Ibrahim B, Elshazly A, Aboleineen MW, Sobhy H, et al. Clinical characteristics and management of hospitalized and ambulatory patients with heart failure-results from ESC heart failure long-term registry-Egyptian cohort. ESC Heart Fail. 2015;2:159–67.CrossRef Hassanein M, Abdelhamid M, Ibrahim B, Elshazly A, Aboleineen MW, Sobhy H, et al. Clinical characteristics and management of hospitalized and ambulatory patients with heart failure-results from ESC heart failure long-term registry-Egyptian cohort. ESC Heart Fail. 2015;2:159–67.CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, et al. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics – 2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;133:447–54.PubMedCrossRef Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, et al. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics – 2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;133:447–54.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Tzanis G, Dimopoulos S, Agapitou V, Nanas S. Exercise intolerance in chronic heart failure: the role of cortisol and the catabolic state. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2014;11:70–9.PubMedCrossRef Tzanis G, Dimopoulos S, Agapitou V, Nanas S. Exercise intolerance in chronic heart failure: the role of cortisol and the catabolic state. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2014;11:70–9.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Lainscak M, Anker SD. Heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma: numbers, facts, and challenges. ESC Heart Fail. 2015;2:103–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lainscak M, Anker SD. Heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma: numbers, facts, and challenges. ESC Heart Fail. 2015;2:103–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Omersa D, Farkas J, Erzen I, Lainscak M. National trends in heart failure hospitalization rates in Slovenia 2004–2012. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016; doi:10.1002/ejhf.617.PubMed Omersa D, Farkas J, Erzen I, Lainscak M. National trends in heart failure hospitalization rates in Slovenia 2004–2012. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016; doi:10.​1002/​ejhf.​617.PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Campbell RT, Jackson CE, Wright A, Gardner RS, Ford I, Davidson PM, et al. Palliative care needs in patients hospitalized with heart failure (PCHF) study: rationale and design. ESC Heart Fail. 2015;2:25–36.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Campbell RT, Jackson CE, Wright A, Gardner RS, Ford I, Davidson PM, et al. Palliative care needs in patients hospitalized with heart failure (PCHF) study: rationale and design. ESC Heart Fail. 2015;2:25–36.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Kato A. Muscle wasting is associated with reduced exercise capacity and advanced disease in patients with chronic heart failure. Future Cardiol. 2013;9:767–70.PubMedCrossRef Kato A. Muscle wasting is associated with reduced exercise capacity and advanced disease in patients with chronic heart failure. Future Cardiol. 2013;9:767–70.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Steinbeck L, Ebner N, Valentova M, Bekfani T, Elsner S, Dahinden P, et al. Detection of muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure using C‑terminal agrin fragment: results from the Studies Investigating Co-morbidities Aggravating Heart Failure (SICA-HF). Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:1283–93.PubMedCrossRef Steinbeck L, Ebner N, Valentova M, Bekfani T, Elsner S, Dahinden P, et al. Detection of muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure using C‑terminal agrin fragment: results from the Studies Investigating Co-morbidities Aggravating Heart Failure (SICA-HF). Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:1283–93.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Uchmanowicz I, Loboz-Rudnicka M, Szelag P, Jankowska-Polanska B, Loboz-Grudzien K. Frailty in heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2014;11:266–73.PubMedCrossRef Uchmanowicz I, Loboz-Rudnicka M, Szelag P, Jankowska-Polanska B, Loboz-Grudzien K. Frailty in heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2014;11:266–73.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Szulc P, Feyt C, Chapurlat R. High risk of fall, poor physical function, and low grip strength in men with fracture-the STRAMBO study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7:299–311.PubMedCrossRef Szulc P, Feyt C, Chapurlat R. High risk of fall, poor physical function, and low grip strength in men with fracture-the STRAMBO study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7:299–311.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamada S, Kamiya K, Kono Y. Frailty may be a risk marker for adverse outcome in patients with congestive heart failure. ESC Heart Fail. 2015;2:168–70.CrossRef Yamada S, Kamiya K, Kono Y. Frailty may be a risk marker for adverse outcome in patients with congestive heart failure. ESC Heart Fail. 2015;2:168–70.CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Morley JE, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Prevalence, incidence, and clinical impact of sarcopenia: facts, numbers, and epidemiology-update 2014. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5:253–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Morley JE, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Prevalence, incidence, and clinical impact of sarcopenia: facts, numbers, and epidemiology-update 2014. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5:253–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Keevil VL, Romero-Ortuno R. Ageing well: a review of sarcopenia and frailty. Proc Nutr Soc. 2015;74:337–47.PubMedCrossRef Keevil VL, Romero-Ortuno R. Ageing well: a review of sarcopenia and frailty. Proc Nutr Soc. 2015;74:337–47.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Landi F, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Liperoti R, Russo A, Giovannini S, Tosato M, et al. Sarcopenia and mortality risk in frail older persons aged 80 years and older: results from ilSIRENTE study. Age Ageing. 2013;42:203–9.PubMedCrossRef Landi F, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Liperoti R, Russo A, Giovannini S, Tosato M, et al. Sarcopenia and mortality risk in frail older persons aged 80 years and older: results from ilSIRENTE study. Age Ageing. 2013;42:203–9.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Batsis JA, Mackenzie TA, Barre LK, Lopez-Jimenez F, Bartels SJ. Sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity and mortality in older adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68:1001–7.PubMedCrossRef Batsis JA, Mackenzie TA, Barre LK, Lopez-Jimenez F, Bartels SJ. Sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity and mortality in older adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68:1001–7.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown JC, Harhay MO, Harhay MN. Sarcopenia and mortality among a population-based sample of community-dwelling older adults. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7:290–8.PubMedCrossRef Brown JC, Harhay MO, Harhay MN. Sarcopenia and mortality among a population-based sample of community-dwelling older adults. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7:290–8.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Tyrovolas S, Koyanagi A, Olaya B, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Miret M, Chatterji S, et al. Factors associated with skeletal muscle mass, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity in older adults: a multi-continent study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7:312–21.PubMedCrossRef Tyrovolas S, Koyanagi A, Olaya B, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Miret M, Chatterji S, et al. Factors associated with skeletal muscle mass, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity in older adults: a multi-continent study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7:312–21.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Porter MM, Vandervoort AA, Lexell J. Aging of human muscle: structure, function and adaptability. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1995;5:129–42.PubMedCrossRef Porter MM, Vandervoort AA, Lexell J. Aging of human muscle: structure, function and adaptability. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1995;5:129–42.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Abe T, Thiebaud RS, Loenneke JP, Bemben MG, Loftin M, Fukunaga T. Influence of severe sarcopenia on cardiovascular risk factors in nonobese men. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2012;10:407–12.PubMedCrossRef Abe T, Thiebaud RS, Loenneke JP, Bemben MG, Loftin M, Fukunaga T. Influence of severe sarcopenia on cardiovascular risk factors in nonobese men. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2012;10:407–12.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Edelmann F. Facts and numbers on epidemiology and pharmacological treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. ESC Heart Fail. 2015;2:41–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Edelmann F. Facts and numbers on epidemiology and pharmacological treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. ESC Heart Fail. 2015;2:41–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Upadhya B, Haykowsky MJ, Eggebeen J, Kitzman DW. Sarcopenic obesity and the pathogenesis of exercise intolerance in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2015;12:205–14.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Upadhya B, Haykowsky MJ, Eggebeen J, Kitzman DW. Sarcopenic obesity and the pathogenesis of exercise intolerance in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2015;12:205–14.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Sengul Aycicek G, Sumer F, Canbaz B, Kara O, Ulger Z. Sarcopenia evaluated by fat-free mass index in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Intern Med. 2015;26:e34.PubMedCrossRef Sengul Aycicek G, Sumer F, Canbaz B, Kara O, Ulger Z. Sarcopenia evaluated by fat-free mass index in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Intern Med. 2015;26:e34.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Bekfani T, Pellicori P, Morris DA, Ebner N, Valentova M, Steinbeck L, et al. Sarcopenia in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Impact on muscle strength, exercise capacity and quality of life. Int J Cardiol. 2016;222:41–6.PubMedCrossRef Bekfani T, Pellicori P, Morris DA, Ebner N, Valentova M, Steinbeck L, et al. Sarcopenia in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Impact on muscle strength, exercise capacity and quality of life. Int J Cardiol. 2016;222:41–6.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Bowen TS, Rolim NP, Fischer T, Baekkerud FH, Medeiros A, Werner S, et al. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction induces molecular, mitochondrial, histological, and functional alterations in rat respiratory and limb skeletal muscle. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:263–72.PubMedCrossRef Bowen TS, Rolim NP, Fischer T, Baekkerud FH, Medeiros A, Werner S, et al. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction induces molecular, mitochondrial, histological, and functional alterations in rat respiratory and limb skeletal muscle. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:263–72.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Fulster S, Tacke M, Sandek A, Ebner N, Tschope C, Doehner W, et al. Muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the studies investigating co-morbidities aggravating heart failure (SICA-HF). Eur Heart J. 2013;34:512–9.PubMedCrossRef Fulster S, Tacke M, Sandek A, Ebner N, Tschope C, Doehner W, et al. Muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the studies investigating co-morbidities aggravating heart failure (SICA-HF). Eur Heart J. 2013;34:512–9.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Kinugawa S, Takada S, Matsushima S, Okita K, Tsutsui H. Skeletal muscle abnormalities in heart failure. Int Heart J. 2015;56:475–84.PubMedCrossRef Kinugawa S, Takada S, Matsushima S, Okita K, Tsutsui H. Skeletal muscle abnormalities in heart failure. Int Heart J. 2015;56:475–84.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat von Haehling S, Steinbeck L, Doehner W, Springer J, Anker SD. Muscle wasting in heart failure: an overview. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013;45:2257–65.CrossRef von Haehling S, Steinbeck L, Doehner W, Springer J, Anker SD. Muscle wasting in heart failure: an overview. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013;45:2257–65.CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Anker MS, von Haehling S, Springer J, Banach M, Anker SD. Highlights of the mechanistic and therapeutic cachexia and sarcopenia research 2010 to 2012 and their relevance for cardiology. Int J Cardiol. 2013;162:73–6.PubMedCrossRef Anker MS, von Haehling S, Springer J, Banach M, Anker SD. Highlights of the mechanistic and therapeutic cachexia and sarcopenia research 2010 to 2012 and their relevance for cardiology. Int J Cardiol. 2013;162:73–6.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Mangner N, Weikert B, Bowen TS, Sandri M, Hollriegel R, Erbs S, et al. Skeletal muscle alterations in chronic heart failure: differential effects on quadriceps and diaphragm. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:381–90.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mangner N, Weikert B, Bowen TS, Sandri M, Hollriegel R, Erbs S, et al. Skeletal muscle alterations in chronic heart failure: differential effects on quadriceps and diaphragm. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:381–90.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Agapitou V, Dimopoulos S, Kapelios C, Karatzanos E, Manetos C, Georgantas A, et al. Hormonal imbalance in relation to exercise intolerance and ventilatory inefficiency in chronic heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2013;32:431–6.PubMedCrossRef Agapitou V, Dimopoulos S, Kapelios C, Karatzanos E, Manetos C, Georgantas A, et al. Hormonal imbalance in relation to exercise intolerance and ventilatory inefficiency in chronic heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2013;32:431–6.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Doehner W, Turhan G, Leyva F, Rauchhaus M, Sandek A, Jankowska EA, et al. Skeletal muscle weakness is related to insulin resistance in patients with chronic heart failure. ESC Heart Fail. 2015;2:85–9.CrossRef Doehner W, Turhan G, Leyva F, Rauchhaus M, Sandek A, Jankowska EA, et al. Skeletal muscle weakness is related to insulin resistance in patients with chronic heart failure. ESC Heart Fail. 2015;2:85–9.CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Rahman A, Jafry S, Jeejeebhoy K, Nagpal AD, Pisani B, Agarwala R. Malnutrition and cachexia in heart failure. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2016;40:475–86.PubMedCrossRef Rahman A, Jafry S, Jeejeebhoy K, Nagpal AD, Pisani B, Agarwala R. Malnutrition and cachexia in heart failure. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2016;40:475–86.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Landi F, Liperoti R, Russo A, Giovannini S, Tosato M, Barillaro C, et al. Association of anorexia with sarcopenia in a community-dwelling elderly population: results from the ilSIRENTE study. Eur J Nutr. 2013;52:1261–8.PubMed Landi F, Liperoti R, Russo A, Giovannini S, Tosato M, Barillaro C, et al. Association of anorexia with sarcopenia in a community-dwelling elderly population: results from the ilSIRENTE study. Eur J Nutr. 2013;52:1261–8.PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Wakabayashi H, Sakuma K. Rehabilitation nutrition for sarcopenia with disability: a combination of both rehabilitation and nutrition care management. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5:269–77.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wakabayashi H, Sakuma K. Rehabilitation nutrition for sarcopenia with disability: a combination of both rehabilitation and nutrition care management. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5:269–77.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Malmstrom TK, Miller DK, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, Morley JE. SARC-F: a symptom score to predict persons with sarcopenia at risk for poor functional outcomes. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7:28–36.PubMedCrossRef Malmstrom TK, Miller DK, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, Morley JE. SARC-F: a symptom score to predict persons with sarcopenia at risk for poor functional outcomes. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7:28–36.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Narumi T, Watanabe T, Kadowaki S, Takahashi T, Yokoyama M, Kinoshita D, et al. Sarcopenia evaluated by fat-free mass index is an important prognostic factor in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Intern Med. 2015;26:118–22.PubMedCrossRef Narumi T, Watanabe T, Kadowaki S, Takahashi T, Yokoyama M, Kinoshita D, et al. Sarcopenia evaluated by fat-free mass index is an important prognostic factor in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Intern Med. 2015;26:118–22.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Scherbakov N, Doehner W. Searching for a relevant definition of sarcopenia: results from the cross-sectional EPIDOS study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7:100–1.PubMedCrossRef Scherbakov N, Doehner W. Searching for a relevant definition of sarcopenia: results from the cross-sectional EPIDOS study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7:100–1.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Calvani R, Marini F, Cesari M, Tosato M, Anker SD, von Haehling S, et al. Biomarkers for physical frailty and sarcopenia: state of the science and future developments. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:278–86.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Calvani R, Marini F, Cesari M, Tosato M, Anker SD, von Haehling S, et al. Biomarkers for physical frailty and sarcopenia: state of the science and future developments. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:278–86.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Drescher C, Konishi M, Ebner N, Springer J. Loss of muscle mass: current developments in cachexia and sarcopenia focused on biomarkers and treatment. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:303–11.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Drescher C, Konishi M, Ebner N, Springer J. Loss of muscle mass: current developments in cachexia and sarcopenia focused on biomarkers and treatment. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:303–11.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Fragala MS, Jajtner AR, Beyer KS, Townsend JR, Emerson NS, Scanlon TC, et al. Biomarkers of muscle quality: N‑terminal propeptide of type III procollagen and C‑terminal agrin fragment responses to resistance exercise training in older adults. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5:139–48.PubMedCrossRef Fragala MS, Jajtner AR, Beyer KS, Townsend JR, Emerson NS, Scanlon TC, et al. Biomarkers of muscle quality: N‑terminal propeptide of type III procollagen and C‑terminal agrin fragment responses to resistance exercise training in older adults. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5:139–48.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Martins T, Vitorino R, Amado F, Duarte JA, Ferreira R. Biomarkers for cardiac cachexia: reality or utopia. Clin Chim Acta. 2014;436:323–8.PubMedCrossRef Martins T, Vitorino R, Amado F, Duarte JA, Ferreira R. Biomarkers for cardiac cachexia: reality or utopia. Clin Chim Acta. 2014;436:323–8.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Vescovo G. Neuromuscular junction fragmentation and muscle wasting in heart failure: a sharp cut from a Sica sword? Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:1216–8.PubMedCrossRef Vescovo G. Neuromuscular junction fragmentation and muscle wasting in heart failure: a sharp cut from a Sica sword? Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:1216–8.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Biolo G, Cederholm T, Muscaritoli M. Muscle contractile and metabolic dysfunction is a common feature of sarcopenia of aging and chronic diseases: from sarcopenic obesity to cachexia. Clin Nutr (edinburgh Scotland). 2014;33:737–48.CrossRef Biolo G, Cederholm T, Muscaritoli M. Muscle contractile and metabolic dysfunction is a common feature of sarcopenia of aging and chronic diseases: from sarcopenic obesity to cachexia. Clin Nutr (edinburgh Scotland). 2014;33:737–48.CrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Zamboni M, Rossi AP, Corzato F, Bambace C, Mazzali G, Fantin F. Sarcopenia, cachexia and congestive heart failure in the elderly. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2013;13:58–67.PubMedCrossRef Zamboni M, Rossi AP, Corzato F, Bambace C, Mazzali G, Fantin F. Sarcopenia, cachexia and congestive heart failure in the elderly. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2013;13:58–67.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Rossignol P, Masson S, Barlera S, Girerd N, Castelnovo A, Zannad F, et al. Loss in body weight is an independent prognostic factor for mortality in chronic heart failure: insights from the GISSI-HF and Val-HeFT trials. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:424–33.PubMedCrossRef Rossignol P, Masson S, Barlera S, Girerd N, Castelnovo A, Zannad F, et al. Loss in body weight is an independent prognostic factor for mortality in chronic heart failure: insights from the GISSI-HF and Val-HeFT trials. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:424–33.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Mebazaa A, Yilmaz MB, Levy P, Ponikowski P, Peacock WF, Laribi S, et al. Recommendations on pre-hospital & early hospital management of acute heart failure: a consensus paper from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, the European Society of Emergency Medicine and the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:544–58.PubMedCrossRef Mebazaa A, Yilmaz MB, Levy P, Ponikowski P, Peacock WF, Laribi S, et al. Recommendations on pre-hospital & early hospital management of acute heart failure: a consensus paper from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, the European Society of Emergency Medicine and the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:544–58.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Christensen HM, Kistorp C, Schou M, Keller N, Zerahn B, Frystyk J, et al. Prevalence of cachexia in chronic heart failure and characteristics of body composition and metabolic status. Endocrine. 2013;43:626–34.PubMedCrossRef Christensen HM, Kistorp C, Schou M, Keller N, Zerahn B, Frystyk J, et al. Prevalence of cachexia in chronic heart failure and characteristics of body composition and metabolic status. Endocrine. 2013;43:626–34.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat von Haehling S, Anker SD. Prevalence, incidence and clinical impact of cachexia: facts and numbers-update 2014. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5:261–3.CrossRef von Haehling S, Anker SD. Prevalence, incidence and clinical impact of cachexia: facts and numbers-update 2014. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5:261–3.CrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Anker SD, Ponikowski P, Varney S, Chua TP, Clark AL, Webb-Peploe KM, et al. Wasting as independent risk factor for mortality in chronic heart failure. Lancet (london England). 1997;349:1050–3.CrossRef Anker SD, Ponikowski P, Varney S, Chua TP, Clark AL, Webb-Peploe KM, et al. Wasting as independent risk factor for mortality in chronic heart failure. Lancet (london England). 1997;349:1050–3.CrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Altenberger J, Parissis JT, Costard-Jaeckle A, Winter A, Ebner C, Karavidas A, et al. Efficacy and safety of the pulsed infusions of levosimendan in outpatients with advanced heart failure (LevoRep) study: a multicentre randomized trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:898–906.PubMedCrossRef Altenberger J, Parissis JT, Costard-Jaeckle A, Winter A, Ebner C, Karavidas A, et al. Efficacy and safety of the pulsed infusions of levosimendan in outpatients with advanced heart failure (LevoRep) study: a multicentre randomized trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:898–906.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Anker SD, Kosiborod M, Zannad F, Pina IL, McCullough PA, Filippatos G, et al. Maintenance of serum potassium with sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (ZS-9) in heart failure patients: results from a phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:1050–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Anker SD, Kosiborod M, Zannad F, Pina IL, McCullough PA, Filippatos G, et al. Maintenance of serum potassium with sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (ZS-9) in heart failure patients: results from a phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:1050–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Bohm M, Perez AC, Jhund PS, Reil JC, Komajda M, Zile MR, et al. Relationship between heart rate and mortality and morbidity in the irbesartan patients with heart failure and preserved systolic function trial (I-Preserve). Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:778–87.PubMedCrossRef Bohm M, Perez AC, Jhund PS, Reil JC, Komajda M, Zile MR, et al. Relationship between heart rate and mortality and morbidity in the irbesartan patients with heart failure and preserved systolic function trial (I-Preserve). Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:778–87.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Patel AN, Henry TD, Quyyumi AA, Schaer GL, Anderson RD, Toma C, et al. Ixmyelocel-T for patients with ischaemic heart failure: a prospective randomised double-blind trial. Lancet (london England). 2016;387:2412–21.CrossRef Patel AN, Henry TD, Quyyumi AA, Schaer GL, Anderson RD, Toma C, et al. Ixmyelocel-T for patients with ischaemic heart failure: a prospective randomised double-blind trial. Lancet (london England). 2016;387:2412–21.CrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Olivotto I, Hellawell JL, Farzaneh-Far R, Blair C, Coppini R, Myers J, et al. Novel approach targeting the complex pathophysiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the impact of late sodium current inhibition on exercise capacity in subjects with symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (LIBERTY-HCM) trial. Circ Heart Fail. 2016;9:e002764.PubMedCrossRef Olivotto I, Hellawell JL, Farzaneh-Far R, Blair C, Coppini R, Myers J, et al. Novel approach targeting the complex pathophysiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the impact of late sodium current inhibition on exercise capacity in subjects with symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (LIBERTY-HCM) trial. Circ Heart Fail. 2016;9:e002764.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Mentz RJ, Hasselblad V, DeVore AD, Metra M, Voors AA, Armstrong PW, et al. Torsemide versus furosemide in patients with acute heart failure (from the ASCEND-HF trial). Am J Cardiol. 2016;117:404–11.PubMedCrossRef Mentz RJ, Hasselblad V, DeVore AD, Metra M, Voors AA, Armstrong PW, et al. Torsemide versus furosemide in patients with acute heart failure (from the ASCEND-HF trial). Am J Cardiol. 2016;117:404–11.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Pellicori P, Clark AL. Clinical trials update from the European Society of Cardiology-Heart Failure meeting 2015: AUGMENT-HF, TITRATION, STOP-HF, HARMONIZE, LION HEART, MOOD-HF, and renin-angiotensin inhibitors in patients with heart and renal failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:979–83.PubMedCrossRef Pellicori P, Clark AL. Clinical trials update from the European Society of Cardiology-Heart Failure meeting 2015: AUGMENT-HF, TITRATION, STOP-HF, HARMONIZE, LION HEART, MOOD-HF, and renin-angiotensin inhibitors in patients with heart and renal failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:979–83.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Choi JO, Daly RC, Lin G, Lahr BD, Wiste HJ, Beaver TM, et al. Impact of surgical ventricular reconstruction on sphericity index in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy: follow-up from the STICH trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:453–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Choi JO, Daly RC, Lin G, Lahr BD, Wiste HJ, Beaver TM, et al. Impact of surgical ventricular reconstruction on sphericity index in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy: follow-up from the STICH trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:453–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Morley-Smith AC, Mills A, Jacobs S, Meyns B, Rega F, Simon AR, et al. Circulating microRNAs for predicting and monitoring response to mechanical circulatory support from a left ventricular assist device. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:871–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Morley-Smith AC, Mills A, Jacobs S, Meyns B, Rega F, Simon AR, et al. Circulating microRNAs for predicting and monitoring response to mechanical circulatory support from a left ventricular assist device. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:871–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Tremblay-Gravel M, Khairy P, Roy D, Leduc H, Wyse DG, Cadrin-Tourigny J, et al. Systolic blood pressure and mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure: insights from the AFFIRM and AF-CHF studies. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:1168–74.PubMedCrossRef Tremblay-Gravel M, Khairy P, Roy D, Leduc H, Wyse DG, Cadrin-Tourigny J, et al. Systolic blood pressure and mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure: insights from the AFFIRM and AF-CHF studies. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:1168–74.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Agarwal U, Smith AW, French KM, Boopathy AV, George A, Trac D, et al. Age-dependent effect of pediatric cardiac progenitor cells after juvenile heart failure. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2016;5:883–92.PubMedCrossRef Agarwal U, Smith AW, French KM, Boopathy AV, George A, Trac D, et al. Age-dependent effect of pediatric cardiac progenitor cells after juvenile heart failure. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2016;5:883–92.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Connors LH, Sam F, Skinner M, Salinaro F, Sun F, Ruberg FL, et al. Heart failure resulting from age-related cardiac amyloid disease associated with wild-type transthyretin: a prospective, observational cohort study. Circulation. 2016;133:282–90.PubMed Connors LH, Sam F, Skinner M, Salinaro F, Sun F, Ruberg FL, et al. Heart failure resulting from age-related cardiac amyloid disease associated with wild-type transthyretin: a prospective, observational cohort study. Circulation. 2016;133:282–90.PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Le HH, El-Khatib C, Mombled M, Guitarian F, Al-Gobari M, Fall M, et al. Impact of aldosterone antagonists on sudden cardiac death prevention in heart failure and post-myocardial infarction patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLOS ONE. 2016;11:e0145958.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Le HH, El-Khatib C, Mombled M, Guitarian F, Al-Gobari M, Fall M, et al. Impact of aldosterone antagonists on sudden cardiac death prevention in heart failure and post-myocardial infarction patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLOS ONE. 2016;11:e0145958.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Jamil HA, Gierula J, Paton MF, Byrom R, Lowry JE, Cubbon RM, et al. Chronotropic incompetence does not limit exercise capacity in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:1885–96.PubMedCrossRef Jamil HA, Gierula J, Paton MF, Byrom R, Lowry JE, Cubbon RM, et al. Chronotropic incompetence does not limit exercise capacity in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:1885–96.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Stone GW, Selker HP, Thiele H, Patel MR, Udelson JE, Ohman EM, et al. Relationship between infarct size and outcomes following primary PCI: patient-level analysis from 10 randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:1674–83.PubMedCrossRef Stone GW, Selker HP, Thiele H, Patel MR, Udelson JE, Ohman EM, et al. Relationship between infarct size and outcomes following primary PCI: patient-level analysis from 10 randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:1674–83.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat McEvoy RD, Antic NA, Heeley E, Luo Y, Ou Q, Zhang X, et al. CPAP for prevention of cardiovascular events in obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:919–31.PubMedCrossRef McEvoy RD, Antic NA, Heeley E, Luo Y, Ou Q, Zhang X, et al. CPAP for prevention of cardiovascular events in obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:919–31.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoke U, Khidir MJ, van der Velde ET, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ, Delgado V, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in CKD stage 4 patients. Clinical journal of the american society of nephrology. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10:1740–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hoke U, Khidir MJ, van der Velde ET, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ, Delgado V, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in CKD stage 4 patients. Clinical journal of the american society of nephrology. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10:1740–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen CY, Stevenson LW, Stewart GC, Bhatt DL, Desai M, Seeger JD, et al. Real world effectiveness of primary implantable cardioverter defibrillators implanted during hospital admissions for exacerbation of heart failure or other acute co-morbidities: cohort study of older patients with heart failure. BMJ. 2015;351:h3529.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chen CY, Stevenson LW, Stewart GC, Bhatt DL, Desai M, Seeger JD, et al. Real world effectiveness of primary implantable cardioverter defibrillators implanted during hospital admissions for exacerbation of heart failure or other acute co-morbidities: cohort study of older patients with heart failure. BMJ. 2015;351:h3529.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Menasche P, Vanneaux V, Hagege A, Bel A, Cholley B, Cacciapuoti I, et al. Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac progenitors for severe heart failure treatment: first clinical case report. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:2011–7.PubMedCrossRef Menasche P, Vanneaux V, Hagege A, Bel A, Cholley B, Cacciapuoti I, et al. Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac progenitors for severe heart failure treatment: first clinical case report. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:2011–7.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Berger D, Bloechlinger S, von Haehling S, Doehner W, Takala J, Z’Graggen WJ, et al. Dysfunction of respiratory muscles in critically ill patients on the intensive care unit. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7:403–12.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Berger D, Bloechlinger S, von Haehling S, Doehner W, Takala J, Z’Graggen WJ, et al. Dysfunction of respiratory muscles in critically ill patients on the intensive care unit. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7:403–12.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Schefold JC, Bierbrauer J, Weber-Carstens S. Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) and muscle wasting in critically ill patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2010;1:147–57.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Schefold JC, Bierbrauer J, Weber-Carstens S. Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) and muscle wasting in critically ill patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2010;1:147–57.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Kizilarslanoglu MC, Kuyumcu ME, Yesil Y, Halil M. Sarcopenia in critically ill patients. J Anesth. 2016;30:884–90.PubMed Kizilarslanoglu MC, Kuyumcu ME, Yesil Y, Halil M. Sarcopenia in critically ill patients. J Anesth. 2016;30:884–90.PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Buford TW, Anton SD, Judge AR, Marzetti E, Wohlgemuth SE, Carter CS, et al. Models of accelerated sarcopenia: critical pieces for solving the puzzle of age-related muscle atrophy. Ageing Res Rev. 2010;9:369–83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Buford TW, Anton SD, Judge AR, Marzetti E, Wohlgemuth SE, Carter CS, et al. Models of accelerated sarcopenia: critical pieces for solving the puzzle of age-related muscle atrophy. Ageing Res Rev. 2010;9:369–83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Ebner N, Sliziuk V, Scherbakov N, Sandek A. Muscle wasting in ageing and chronic illness. ESC Heart Fail. 2015;2:58–68.CrossRef Ebner N, Sliziuk V, Scherbakov N, Sandek A. Muscle wasting in ageing and chronic illness. ESC Heart Fail. 2015;2:58–68.CrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Izawa KP, Watanabe S, Oka K, Kasahara Y, Morio Y, Hiraki K, et al. Sarcopenia and physical activity in older male cardiac patients. Int J Cardiol. 2016;222:457–61.PubMedCrossRef Izawa KP, Watanabe S, Oka K, Kasahara Y, Morio Y, Hiraki K, et al. Sarcopenia and physical activity in older male cardiac patients. Int J Cardiol. 2016;222:457–61.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Abdelmawgoud A, Brown CJ, Sui X, Fonarow GC, Kokkinos PF, Bittner V, et al. Relationship of physical activity and healthy eating with mortality and incident heart failure among community-dwelling older adults with normal body mass index. ESC Heart Fail. 2015;2:20–4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Abdelmawgoud A, Brown CJ, Sui X, Fonarow GC, Kokkinos PF, Bittner V, et al. Relationship of physical activity and healthy eating with mortality and incident heart failure among community-dwelling older adults with normal body mass index. ESC Heart Fail. 2015;2:20–4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Dupuy C, Lauwers-Cances V, Guyonnet S, Gentil C, Abellan Van Kan G, Beauchet O, et al. Searching for a relevant definition of sarcopenia: results from the cross-sectional EPIDOS study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:144–54.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Dupuy C, Lauwers-Cances V, Guyonnet S, Gentil C, Abellan Van Kan G, Beauchet O, et al. Searching for a relevant definition of sarcopenia: results from the cross-sectional EPIDOS study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:144–54.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, Romero L, Heymsfield SB, Ross RR, et al. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147:755–63.PubMed Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, Romero L, Heymsfield SB, Ross RR, et al. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147:755–63.PubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the european working group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing. 2010;39:412–23.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the european working group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing. 2010;39:412–23.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Newman AB, Kupelian V, Visser M, Simonsick E, Goodpaster B, Nevitt M, et al. Sarcopenia: alternative definitions and associations with lower extremity function. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51:1602–9.PubMedCrossRef Newman AB, Kupelian V, Visser M, Simonsick E, Goodpaster B, Nevitt M, et al. Sarcopenia: alternative definitions and associations with lower extremity function. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51:1602–9.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Delmonico MJ, Harris TB, Lee JS, Visser M, Nevitt M, Kritchevsky SB, et al. Alternative definitions of sarcopenia, lower extremity performance, and functional impairment with aging in older men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:769–74.PubMedCrossRef Delmonico MJ, Harris TB, Lee JS, Visser M, Nevitt M, Kritchevsky SB, et al. Alternative definitions of sarcopenia, lower extremity performance, and functional impairment with aging in older men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:769–74.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Muscaritoli M, Anker SD, Argiles J, Aversa Z, Bauer JM, Biolo G, et al. Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) “cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases” and “nutrition in geriatrics”. Clin Nutr. 2010;29:154–9.PubMedCrossRef Muscaritoli M, Anker SD, Argiles J, Aversa Z, Bauer JM, Biolo G, et al. Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) “cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases” and “nutrition in geriatrics”. Clin Nutr. 2010;29:154–9.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Fielding RA, Vellas B, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Morley JE, Newman AB, et al. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12:249–56.PubMedCrossRef Fielding RA, Vellas B, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Morley JE, Newman AB, et al. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12:249–56.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Dam TT, Peters KW, Fragala M, Cawthon PM, Harris TB, McLean R, et al. An evidence-based comparison of operational criteria for the presence of sarcopenia. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69:584–90.CrossRef Dam TT, Peters KW, Fragala M, Cawthon PM, Harris TB, McLean R, et al. An evidence-based comparison of operational criteria for the presence of sarcopenia. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69:584–90.CrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Bauer JM, Verlaan S, Bautmans I, Brandt K, Donini LM, Maggio M, et al. Effects of a vitamin D and leucine-enriched whey protein nutritional supplement on measures of sarcopenia in older adults, the PROVIDE study: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:740–7.PubMedCrossRef Bauer JM, Verlaan S, Bautmans I, Brandt K, Donini LM, Maggio M, et al. Effects of a vitamin D and leucine-enriched whey protein nutritional supplement on measures of sarcopenia in older adults, the PROVIDE study: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:740–7.PubMedCrossRef
97.
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Bowen TS, Schuler G, Adams V. Skeletal muscle wasting in cachexia and sarcopenia: molecular pathophysiology and impact of exercise training. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:197–207.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bowen TS, Schuler G, Adams V. Skeletal muscle wasting in cachexia and sarcopenia: molecular pathophysiology and impact of exercise training. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:197–207.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
100.
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Makanae Y, Fujita S. Role of exercise and nutrition in the prevention of sarcopenia. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2015;61(Suppl):S125–S127.PubMedCrossRef Makanae Y, Fujita S. Role of exercise and nutrition in the prevention of sarcopenia. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2015;61(Suppl):S125–S127.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Adams SC, Segal RJ, McKenzie DC, Vallerand JR, Morielli AR, Mackey JR, et al. Impact of resistance and aerobic exercise on sarcopenia and dynapenia in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2016;158:497–507.PubMedCrossRef Adams SC, Segal RJ, McKenzie DC, Vallerand JR, Morielli AR, Mackey JR, et al. Impact of resistance and aerobic exercise on sarcopenia and dynapenia in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2016;158:497–507.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Gielen E, O’Neill TW, Pye SR, Adams JE, Wu FC, Laurent MR, et al. Endocrine determinants of incident sarcopenia in middle-aged and elderly European men. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:242–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gielen E, O’Neill TW, Pye SR, Adams JE, Wu FC, Laurent MR, et al. Endocrine determinants of incident sarcopenia in middle-aged and elderly European men. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:242–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Gielen S, Laughlin MH, O’Conner C, Duncker DJ. Exercise training in patients with heart disease: review of beneficial effects and clinical recommendations. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;57:347–55.PubMedCrossRef Gielen S, Laughlin MH, O’Conner C, Duncker DJ. Exercise training in patients with heart disease: review of beneficial effects and clinical recommendations. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;57:347–55.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Souza RW, Piedade WP, Soares LC, Souza PA, Aguiar AF, Vechetti-Junior IJ, et al. Aerobic exercise training prevents heart failure-induced skeletal muscle atrophy by anti-catabolic, but not anabolic actions. PLOS ONE. 2014;9:e110020.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Souza RW, Piedade WP, Soares LC, Souza PA, Aguiar AF, Vechetti-Junior IJ, et al. Aerobic exercise training prevents heart failure-induced skeletal muscle atrophy by anti-catabolic, but not anabolic actions. PLOS ONE. 2014;9:e110020.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Cunha TF, Bacurau AV, Moreira JB, Paixao NA, Campos JC, Ferreira JC, et al. Exercise training prevents oxidative stress and ubiquitin-proteasome system overactivity and reverse skeletal muscle atrophy in heart failure. PLOS ONE. 2012;7:e41701.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cunha TF, Bacurau AV, Moreira JB, Paixao NA, Campos JC, Ferreira JC, et al. Exercise training prevents oxidative stress and ubiquitin-proteasome system overactivity and reverse skeletal muscle atrophy in heart failure. PLOS ONE. 2012;7:e41701.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Hollriegel R, Beck EB, Linke A, Adams V, Mobius-Winkler S, Mangner N, et al. Anabolic effects of exercise training in patients with advanced chronic heart failure (NYHA IIIb): impact on ubiquitin-protein ligases expression and skeletal muscle size. Int J Cardiol. 2013;167:975–80.PubMedCrossRef Hollriegel R, Beck EB, Linke A, Adams V, Mobius-Winkler S, Mangner N, et al. Anabolic effects of exercise training in patients with advanced chronic heart failure (NYHA IIIb): impact on ubiquitin-protein ligases expression and skeletal muscle size. Int J Cardiol. 2013;167:975–80.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Gielen S, Sandri M, Kozarez I, Kratzsch J, Teupser D, Thiery J, et al. Exercise training attenuates MuRF-1 expression in the skeletal muscle of patients with chronic heart failure independent of age: the randomized Leipzig Exercise Intervention in Chronic Heart Failure and Aging catabolism study. Circulation. 2012;125:2716–27.PubMedCrossRef Gielen S, Sandri M, Kozarez I, Kratzsch J, Teupser D, Thiery J, et al. Exercise training attenuates MuRF-1 expression in the skeletal muscle of patients with chronic heart failure independent of age: the randomized Leipzig Exercise Intervention in Chronic Heart Failure and Aging catabolism study. Circulation. 2012;125:2716–27.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Brum PC, Bacurau AV, Cunha TF, Bechara LR, Moreira JB. Skeletal myopathy in heart failure: effects of aerobic exercise training. Exp Physiol. 2014;99:616–20.PubMedCrossRef Brum PC, Bacurau AV, Cunha TF, Bechara LR, Moreira JB. Skeletal myopathy in heart failure: effects of aerobic exercise training. Exp Physiol. 2014;99:616–20.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Okutsu M, Call JA, Lira VA, Zhang M, Donet JA, French BA, et al. Extracellular superoxide dismutase ameliorates skeletal muscle abnormalities, cachexia, and exercise intolerance in mice with congestive heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2014;7:519–30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Okutsu M, Call JA, Lira VA, Zhang M, Donet JA, French BA, et al. Extracellular superoxide dismutase ameliorates skeletal muscle abnormalities, cachexia, and exercise intolerance in mice with congestive heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2014;7:519–30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Lenk K, Erbs S, Hollriegel R, Beck E, Linke A, Gielen S, et al. Exercise training leads to a reduction of elevated myostatin levels in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012;19:404–11.PubMedCrossRef Lenk K, Erbs S, Hollriegel R, Beck E, Linke A, Gielen S, et al. Exercise training leads to a reduction of elevated myostatin levels in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012;19:404–11.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Trippel TD, Holzendorf V, Halle M, Gelbrich G, Nolte K, Duvinage A, et al. Ghrelin and hormonal markers under exercise training in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: results from the Ex-DHF pilot study. ESC Heart Fail. 2016; doi:10.1002/ehf2.12109. Trippel TD, Holzendorf V, Halle M, Gelbrich G, Nolte K, Duvinage A, et al. Ghrelin and hormonal markers under exercise training in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: results from the Ex-DHF pilot study. ESC Heart Fail. 2016; doi:10.​1002/​ehf2.​12109.
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Jaarsma T, Klompstra L, Ben GT, Boyne J, Vellone E, Back M, et al. Increasing exercise capacity and quality of life of patients with heart failure through Wii gaming: the rationale, design and methodology of the HF-Wii study; a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:743–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jaarsma T, Klompstra L, Ben GT, Boyne J, Vellone E, Back M, et al. Increasing exercise capacity and quality of life of patients with heart failure through Wii gaming: the rationale, design and methodology of the HF-Wii study; a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:743–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Konishi M, Ishida J, Springer J, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Cachexia research in Japan: facts and numbers on prevalence, incidence and clinical impact. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016; doi:10.1002/jcsm.12117. Konishi M, Ishida J, Springer J, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Cachexia research in Japan: facts and numbers on prevalence, incidence and clinical impact. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016; doi:10.​1002/​jcsm.​12117.
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Dudgeon D, Baracos VE. Physiological and functional failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure and cancer: a debilitating intersection of sarcopenia, cachexia and breathlessness. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2016;10:236–41.PubMedCrossRef Dudgeon D, Baracos VE. Physiological and functional failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure and cancer: a debilitating intersection of sarcopenia, cachexia and breathlessness. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2016;10:236–41.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Potsch MS, Tschirner A, Palus S, von Haehling S, Doehner W, Beadle J, et al. The anabolic catabolic transforming agent (ACTA) espindolol increases muscle mass and decreases fat mass in old rats. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5:149–58.PubMedCrossRef Potsch MS, Tschirner A, Palus S, von Haehling S, Doehner W, Beadle J, et al. The anabolic catabolic transforming agent (ACTA) espindolol increases muscle mass and decreases fat mass in old rats. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5:149–58.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Kazemi-Bajestani SM, Becher H, Fassbender K, Chu Q, Baracos VE. Concurrent evolution of cancer cachexia and heart failure: bilateral effects exist. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5:95–104.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kazemi-Bajestani SM, Becher H, Fassbender K, Chu Q, Baracos VE. Concurrent evolution of cancer cachexia and heart failure: bilateral effects exist. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5:95–104.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Martins T, Vitorino R, Moreira-Goncalves D, Amado F, Duarte JA, Ferreira R. Recent insights on the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for cardiac cachexia. Clin Biochem. 2014;47:8–15.PubMedCrossRef Martins T, Vitorino R, Moreira-Goncalves D, Amado F, Duarte JA, Ferreira R. Recent insights on the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for cardiac cachexia. Clin Biochem. 2014;47:8–15.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Pureza V, Florea VG. Mechanisms for cachexia in heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2013;10:307–14.PubMedCrossRef Pureza V, Florea VG. Mechanisms for cachexia in heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2013;10:307–14.PubMedCrossRef
122.
Zurück zum Zitat McAloon CJ, O’Hare P, Osman F, Randeva HS. The interplay between heart failure, metabolism and body composition. Br J Hosp Med. 2016;77:362–4.CrossRef McAloon CJ, O’Hare P, Osman F, Randeva HS. The interplay between heart failure, metabolism and body composition. Br J Hosp Med. 2016;77:362–4.CrossRef
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Loncar G, Fulster S, von Haehling S, Popovic V. Metabolism and the heart: an overview of muscle, fat, and bone metabolism in heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2013;162:77–85.PubMedCrossRef Loncar G, Fulster S, von Haehling S, Popovic V. Metabolism and the heart: an overview of muscle, fat, and bone metabolism in heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2013;162:77–85.PubMedCrossRef
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Argiles JM, Fontes-Oliveira CC, Toledo M, Lopez-Soriano FJ, Busquets S. Cachexia: a problem of energetic inefficiency. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5:279–86.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Argiles JM, Fontes-Oliveira CC, Toledo M, Lopez-Soriano FJ, Busquets S. Cachexia: a problem of energetic inefficiency. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5:279–86.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Ponikowska M, Tupikowska M, Kasztura M, Jankowska EA, Szepietowski JC. Deranged iron status in psoriasis: the impact of low body mass. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:358–64.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ponikowska M, Tupikowska M, Kasztura M, Jankowska EA, Szepietowski JC. Deranged iron status in psoriasis: the impact of low body mass. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:358–64.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Yeo TJ, Yeo PS, Ching-Chiew Wong R, Ong HY, Leong KT, Jaufeerally F, et al. Iron deficiency in a multi-ethnic Asian population with and without heart failure: prevalence, clinical correlates, functional significance and prognosis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:1125–32.PubMedCrossRef Yeo TJ, Yeo PS, Ching-Chiew Wong R, Ong HY, Leong KT, Jaufeerally F, et al. Iron deficiency in a multi-ethnic Asian population with and without heart failure: prevalence, clinical correlates, functional significance and prognosis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:1125–32.PubMedCrossRef
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Sente T, Van Berendoncks AM, Hoymans VY, Vrints CJ. Adiponectin resistance in skeletal muscle: pathophysiological implications in chronic heart failure. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7:261–74.PubMedCrossRef Sente T, Van Berendoncks AM, Hoymans VY, Vrints CJ. Adiponectin resistance in skeletal muscle: pathophysiological implications in chronic heart failure. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7:261–74.PubMedCrossRef
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Cvan Trobec K, Kerec Kos M, Trontelj J, Grabnar I, Tschirner A, Palus S, et al. Influence of cancer cachexia on drug liver metabolism and renal elimination in rats. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:45–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cvan Trobec K, Kerec Kos M, Trontelj J, Grabnar I, Tschirner A, Palus S, et al. Influence of cancer cachexia on drug liver metabolism and renal elimination in rats. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:45–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Ebner N, Elsner S, Springer J, von Haehling S. Molecular mechanisms and treatment targets of muscle wasting and cachexia in heart failure: an overview. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2014;8:15–24.PubMedCrossRef Ebner N, Elsner S, Springer J, von Haehling S. Molecular mechanisms and treatment targets of muscle wasting and cachexia in heart failure: an overview. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2014;8:15–24.PubMedCrossRef
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Heineke J, Auger-Messier M, Xu J, Sargent M, York A, Welle S, et al. Genetic deletion of myostatin from the heart prevents skeletal muscle atrophy in heart failure. Circulation. 2010;121:419–25.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Heineke J, Auger-Messier M, Xu J, Sargent M, York A, Welle S, et al. Genetic deletion of myostatin from the heart prevents skeletal muscle atrophy in heart failure. Circulation. 2010;121:419–25.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Castillero E, Akashi H, Wang C, Najjar M, Ji R, Kennel PJ, et al. Cardiac myostatin upregulation occurs immediately after myocardial ischemia and is involved in skeletal muscle activation of atrophy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015;457:106–11.PubMedCrossRef Castillero E, Akashi H, Wang C, Najjar M, Ji R, Kennel PJ, et al. Cardiac myostatin upregulation occurs immediately after myocardial ischemia and is involved in skeletal muscle activation of atrophy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015;457:106–11.PubMedCrossRef
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Elkina Y, von Haehling S, Anker SD, Springer J. The role of myostatin in muscle wasting: an overview. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2011;2:143–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Elkina Y, von Haehling S, Anker SD, Springer J. The role of myostatin in muscle wasting: an overview. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2011;2:143–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Kulej-Lyko K, Majda J, von Haehling S, Doehner W, Lopuszanska M, Szklarska A, et al. Could gonadal and adrenal androgen deficiencies contribute to the depressive symptoms in men with systolic heart failure? Aging Male. 2016. doi:10.1080/13685538.2016.1208166.PubMed Kulej-Lyko K, Majda J, von Haehling S, Doehner W, Lopuszanska M, Szklarska A, et al. Could gonadal and adrenal androgen deficiencies contribute to the depressive symptoms in men with systolic heart failure? Aging Male. 2016. doi:10.​1080/​13685538.​2016.​1208166.PubMed
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Albert SG, Morley JE. Testosterone therapy, association with age, initiation and mode of therapy with cardiovascular events: a systematic review. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2016;85:436–43.CrossRef Albert SG, Morley JE. Testosterone therapy, association with age, initiation and mode of therapy with cardiovascular events: a systematic review. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2016;85:436–43.CrossRef
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Dos Santos MR, Sayegh AL, Bacurau AV, Arap MA, Brum PC, Pereira RM, et al. Effect of exercise training and testosterone replacement on skeletal muscle wasting in patients with heart failure with testosterone deficiency. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91:575–86.PubMedCrossRef Dos Santos MR, Sayegh AL, Bacurau AV, Arap MA, Brum PC, Pereira RM, et al. Effect of exercise training and testosterone replacement on skeletal muscle wasting in patients with heart failure with testosterone deficiency. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91:575–86.PubMedCrossRef
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Hatanaka M, Konishi M, Ishida J, Saito M, Springer J. Novel mechanism of ghrelin therapy for cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:393.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hatanaka M, Konishi M, Ishida J, Saito M, Springer J. Novel mechanism of ghrelin therapy for cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:393.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
138.
Zurück zum Zitat Tanada Y, Shioi T, Kato T, Kawamoto A, Okuda J, Kimura T. Branched-chain amino acids ameliorate heart failure with cardiac cachexia in rats. Life Sci. 2015;137:20–7.PubMedCrossRef Tanada Y, Shioi T, Kato T, Kawamoto A, Okuda J, Kimura T. Branched-chain amino acids ameliorate heart failure with cardiac cachexia in rats. Life Sci. 2015;137:20–7.PubMedCrossRef
139.
Zurück zum Zitat Toneto AT, Ferreira Ramos LA, Salomao EM, Tomasin R, Aereas MA, Gomes-Marcondes MC. Nutritional leucine supplementation attenuates cardiac failure in tumour-bearing cachectic animals. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016; doi:10.1002/jcsm.12100.PubMedPubMedCentral Toneto AT, Ferreira Ramos LA, Salomao EM, Tomasin R, Aereas MA, Gomes-Marcondes MC. Nutritional leucine supplementation attenuates cardiac failure in tumour-bearing cachectic animals. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016; doi:10.​1002/​jcsm.​12100.PubMedPubMedCentral
140.
Zurück zum Zitat Stewart Coats AJ, Ho GF, Prabhash K, von Haehling S, Tilson J, Brown R, et al. Espindolol for the treatment and prevention of cachexia in patients with stage III/IV non-small cell lung cancer or colorectal cancer: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, international multicentre phase II study (the ACT-ONE trial). J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7:355–65.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Stewart Coats AJ, Ho GF, Prabhash K, von Haehling S, Tilson J, Brown R, et al. Espindolol for the treatment and prevention of cachexia in patients with stage III/IV non-small cell lung cancer or colorectal cancer: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, international multicentre phase II study (the ACT-ONE trial). J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7:355–65.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
141.
Zurück zum Zitat Toledo M, Springer J, Busquets S, Tschirner A, Lopez-Soriano FJ, Anker SD, et al. Formoterol in the treatment of experimental cancer cachexia: effects on heart function. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5:315–20.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Toledo M, Springer J, Busquets S, Tschirner A, Lopez-Soriano FJ, Anker SD, et al. Formoterol in the treatment of experimental cancer cachexia: effects on heart function. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5:315–20.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Publication trends in cachexia and sarcopenia in elderly heart failure patients
verfasst von
PD Dr. Jochen Springer
Stefan D. Anker
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2016
Verlag
Springer Vienna
Erschienen in
Wiener klinische Wochenschrift / Ausgabe Sonderheft 7/2016
Print ISSN: 0043-5325
Elektronische ISSN: 1613-7671
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-016-1126-2

Weitere Artikel der Sonderheft 7/2016

Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 7/2016 Zur Ausgabe

geriatrics: at crossroads of medicine

Frailty and sarcopenia in elderly