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The Kaiser's cancer revisited: was Virchow totally wrong?

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Abstract

On 15 June 1888, the German Emperor, Kaiser Friedrich III, died of laryngeal cancer. Three biopsies of his laryngeal lesion had been taken by the British laryngologist, Morel Mackenzie, in 1887 and diagnosed by Rudolf Virchow as “pachydermia verrucosa laryngis”, confirming Mackenzie's assessment that the Kaiser's disease was benign. A fourth specimen coughed up by the patient was considered by Virchow to be nondiagnostic. A further specimen expectorated by the patient 3 months before his death was diagnosed as carcinoma by Wilhelm Waldeyer. The autopsy revealed squamous carcinoma in the larynx with a cervical lymph node metastasis. The discrepancies between the initial diagnoses and the final outcome of the Kaiser's disease gave rise to a never-ending medical controversy. Our investigations on this historical case were limited to the official German documents and publications and their English translations and to subsequent literature sources of the time, after having received confirmation that the histological slides and Virchow's original reports had been lost. Based on current surgical pathology knowledge, we propose that the tumour that challenged the diagnostic skills of the founder of pathology was hybrid verrucous carcinoma (HVC), an extremely rare, metastasizing variant of verrucous carcinoma (VC) composed of pure VC mixed with clusters of conventional squamous cell carcinoma. As we see it now, Virchow was therefore not totally wrong. Our retrospective evaluation suggests that Virchow's detailed description of the Kaiser's cancer preceded the paper that contributed to the full understanding of HVC of the larynx by 110 years.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Professor Manfred Dietel and Professor Thomas Schnalke for the information they provided concerning the fate of the histological slides and of Virchow's original reports on the case. They are also grateful to Mrs. Katherine Dege for language editing.

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Correspondence to Antonio Cardesa.

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Dedication

This article is dedicated in memory of Mario A. Luna, a distinguished member of the Head and Neck Working Group of the European Society of Pathology and one of the great pathologists who initially contributed to the knowledge of hybrid verrucous carcinoma.

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Cardesa, A., Zidar, N., Alos, L. et al. The Kaiser's cancer revisited: was Virchow totally wrong?. Virchows Arch 458, 649–657 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-011-1075-0

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