Zusammenfassung
Etwa 80 % der Patienten mit rheumatoider Arthritis (RA) leiden an Begleiterkrankungen, darunter mehr als die Hälfte an kardiovaskulären Komorbiditäten. Entzündungsaktivität ist dabei das Bindeglied zwischen RA, Arteriosklerose und koronarer Herzerkrankung, Schlaganfällen, thrombembolischen Komplikationen und Herzinsuffizienz – sämtliche dieser kardiovaskulären Manifestationen kommen bei RA-Patienten rund doppelt so häufig wie in der Normalbevölkerung vor und stellen eine häufige Todesursache dar. Neben Entzündungsaktivität, die durch optimale Behandlung und Einstellung der Grunderkrankung reduziert oder sogar eliminiert werden kann, erhöhen traditionelle kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren das Risiko. Auch diese sind bei RA-Patienten gehäuft, bleiben aber wegen defizitärer Erfassung oft lange unerkannt und unbehandelt. Könnte dieses Defizit verringert werden, würde sich das auch auf die Lebenserwartung des Rheumatikers positiv auswirken: So wurde durch Behandlung einer relevanten Hyperlipoproteinämie die Mortalität reduziert. Auch Antirheumatika nehmen auf das kardiovaskuläre Risiko Einfluss: NSAR (nichtsteroidale Antiphlogistika) und Glukokortikoide erhöhen bei Langzeitanwendung dosisabhängig das Risiko, durch Hydroxychloroquin, Methotrexat und Biologika wird es deutlich verringert. Da hausärztlich das erhöhte kardiovaskuläre Risiko durch entzündlich rheumatische Erkrankungen wenig bekannt ist, sollte zumindest das Screening auf Risikofaktoren beim internistischen Rheumatologen erfolgen. In einer eigenen Studie konnten wir zeigen, dass Screening standardisiert ohne großen Zeitaufwand durch die rheumatologische Fachassistentin durchgeführt werden kann und damit trotz Zeitmangels in der Rheumapraxis machbar ist. Weitere Studien liefern zusätzliche Ansätze zur einfachen Risikoerfassung. Diese sollte je nach individuellem Risiko alle 1 bis 5 Jahre erfolgen.
Abstract
Approximately 80% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) suffer from comorbidities including more than 50% from cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Inflammatory activity is the main factor connecting RA with atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, stroke, thromboembolic events and heart failure. Altogether these affect RA patients twice as frequently as the general population and CV events are the major cause of death in RA. Besides inflammatory activity, which can be reduced or eliminated by optimal treatment and controlling the RA activity, traditional CV risk factors also contribute to the total CV risk. These risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia can also be found more frequently in RA patients but often remain undetected and untreated for a long time. Reducing this deficit means improvement of the life expectancy for RA patients, which has been demonstrated in studies by treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia. Among the drugs used for RA treatment non-steroidal antirheumatic drugs and glucocorticoids increase the CV risk if used in the long term. Hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate and biologics on the other hand are able to dramatically reduce the risk. Elevated CV risks of inflammatory rheumatic diseases are widely unknown in primary care. Therefore, the rheumatologist should be responsible for assessment of risk factors but in real life motivation to do so is relatively low. Some studies could demonstrate that using nursing-based standardized assessment is an excellent opportunity to reduce these deficits. Depending on the individual risk reassessment should take place every 1–5 years.
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K. Krüger hat Honorare für Fortbildung/Beratung von folgenden Firmen erhalten: AbbVie, BMS, Biogen, Hexal, Lilly, Medac, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, UCB. H. Nüßlein hat Honorare für Beratung und Vorträge von AbbVie, BMS, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, UCB erhalten.
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Krüger, K., Nüßlein, H. Kardiovaskuläre Komorbiditäten bei rheumatoider Arthritis. Z Rheumatol 78, 221–227 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00393-018-0584-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00393-018-0584-5