Skip to main content
Log in

Neue orale Antikoagulanzien zur Schlaganfallprävention

Offene Fragen bei geriatrischen Patienten

New oral anticoagulants for the prevention of stroke

Open questions in geriatric patients

  • Übersichten
  • Published:
Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Seit wenigen Monaten sind neue orale Antikoagulanzien für die Prävention von Schlaganfällen bei Vorhofflimmern verfügbar, darunter der reversible Thrombininhibitor Dabigatran und der Faktor Xa-Hemmer Rivaroxaban. Die Substanzen werden teilweise als überlegene Alternative zu den Vitamin-K-Antagonisten angesehen und die Nichtnotwendigkeit eines Gerinnungsmonitorings wird als besonderer Vorteil herausgestellt. Obgleich Vorhofflimmern eine Erkrankung vor allem des höheren Lebensalters ist, wurde die Eignung dieser Wirkstoffe bei multimorbiden geriatrischen Patienten bisher noch wenig untersucht. Bei Dabigatran kommt aufgrund der Niereninsuffizienz als Kontraindikation in dieser Population i.d.R. nur die niedrigere der beiden zugelassenen Dosierungen zum Einsatz. Bei dieser konnte jedoch keine therapeutische Überlegenheit, sondern lediglich eine verminderte Rate schwerer Blutungen als Komplikation gezeigt werden, allerdings bei sehr hoher „number needed to treat“. Die Notwendigkeit der zweimal täglichen Einnahme dieser Substanz, das Fehlen einer Monitoringoption, die vergleichsweise kurze Wirkdauer und das Fehlen eines Antidots könnten sich in der täglichen Praxis sogar als entscheidender Nachteil gegenüber Vitamin K-Antagonisten erweisen. Bis zum Vorliegen weiterer Daten sollten die neuen Antikoagulanzien bei geriatrischen Patienten nur zurückhaltend verordnet werden.

Abstract

New oral anticoagulants for the prevention of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation have been available for a few months, among them the reversible direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran and the factor Xa antagonist rivaroxaban. These drugs are considered by some as a superior alternative to vitamin K antagonists. The lack of necessity for regular monitoring is advertised as a major advantage. Although atrial fibrillation is a disease with increasing prevalence with higher age, the suitability of the new drugs has not been extensively studied in multimorbid geriatric patients. Since dabigatran is contraindicated in patients with renal insufficiency, only the lower of the two approved dosages can usually be prescribed in elderly patients. For the lower dosage, however, no superiority in prevention of stroke has been documented but merely a reduction in major bleeding rates, although at a high number needed to treat. The requirement for a twice-daily dosage regimen, the lack of an anticoagulation monitoring option, the relatively short duration of action and the lack of an antidote may even prove to be crucial disadvantages in clinical practice in comparison to vitamin K antagonists. Until more data are available, the new oral anticoagulants should be prescribed with caution in geriatric patients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

  1. Artang R, Rome E, Vidaillet H (2012) Dabigatran and myocardial infarction, drug or class effect. Meta-analysis of randomized trials with oral direct thrombin inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol 59:E571

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Beasley BN, Unger EF, Temple R (2011) Anticoagulant options – why the FDA approved a higher but not a lower dose of dabigatran. N Engl J Med 364:1788–1790

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Buckingham TA, Hatala R (2002) Anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation: why is the treatment rate so low? Clin Cardiol 25:447–454

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Camm AJ, Kirchhof P, Lip GY et al (2010) Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 31:2369–2429

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S et al (2009) Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 361:1139–1151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S et al (2010) Newly identified events in the RE-LY trial. N Engl J Med 363:1875–1876

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Diener HC, Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD et al (2010) Dabigatran compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous transient ischaemic attack or stroke: a subgroup analysis of the RE-LY trial. Lancet Neurol 9:1157–1163

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Eerenberg ES, Kamphuisen PW, Sijpkens MK et al (2011) Reversal of rivaroxaban and dabigatran by prothrombin complex concentrate: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study in healthy subjects. Circulation 124:1573–1579

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Eikelboom JW, Wallentin L, Connolly SJ et al (2011) Risk of bleeding with 2 doses of dabigatran compared with warfarin in older and younger patients with atrial fibrillation: an analysis of the randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulant therapy (RE-LY) trial. Circulation 123:2363–2372

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Freeman JV, Zhu RP, Owens DK et al (2011) Cost-effectiveness of dabigatran compared with warfarin for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 154:1–11

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Gage BF, Yan Y, Milligan PE et al (2006) Clinical classification schemes for predicting hemorrhage: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation (NRAF). Am Heart J 151:713–719

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ et al (2011) Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 365:981–992

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Harper P, Young L, Merriman E (2012) Bleeding risk with dabigatran in the frail elderly. N Engl J Med 366:864–866

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI (2007) Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 146:857–867

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Heneghan C, Alonso-Coello P, Garcia-Alamino JM et al (2006) Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 367:404–411

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hohnloser SH, Pajitnev D, Pogue J et al (2007) Incidence of stroke in paroxysmal versus sustained atrial fibrillation in patients taking oral anticoagulation or combined antiplatelet therapy: an ACTIVE W Substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:2156–2161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Horn J, Hanston P (2010) Dabigatran: a new oral anticoagulant. Pharmacy Times 12:59

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hylek EM, Go AS, Chang Y et al (2003) Effect of intensity of oral anticoagulation on stroke severity and mortality in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 349:1019–1026

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kassenärztliche Vereinigung Nordrhein (2011) Verordnungshinweis Dabigatran (Pradaxa) bei Vorhofflimmern. Verordnungsinfo Nordrhein 01.09.2011

  20. Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J et al (2011) Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 365:883–891

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Pink J, Lane S, Pirmohamed M, Hughes DA (2011) Dabigatran etexilate versus warfarin in management of non-valvular atrial fibrillation in UK context: quantitative benefit-harm and economic analyses. BMJ 343:d6333

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Pisters R, Lane DA, Nieuwlaat R et al (2010) A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart Survey. Chest 138:1093–1100

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Poli D, Antonucci E, Testa S et al (2011) Bleeding risk in very old patients on vitamin K antagonist treatment: results of a prospective collaborative study on elderly patients followed by Italian Centres for Anticoagulation. Circulation 124:824–829

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Antman EM et al (2010) Evaluation of the novel factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: design and rationale for the Effective aNticoaGulation with factor xA next GEneration in Atrial Fibrillation-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction study 48 (ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48). Am Heart J 160:635–641

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Sorensen SV, Kansal AR, Connolly S et al (2011) Cost-effectiveness of dabigatran etexilate for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in atrial fibrillation: a Canadian payer perspective. Thromb Haemost 105:908–919

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Uchino K, Hernandez AV (2012) Dabigatran association with higher risk of acute coronary events: meta-analysis of noninferiority randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 172:397–402

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Wittkowsky AK (2004) Effective anticoagulation therapy: defining the gap between clinical studies and clinical practice. Am J Manag Care 10:297–306

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Interessenkonflikt

Der korrespondierende Autor gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to H.K. Berthold.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Berthold, H. Neue orale Antikoagulanzien zur Schlaganfallprävention. Z Gerontol Geriat 45, 498–504 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-012-0377-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-012-0377-4

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation