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Nicht-muskelinvasives Harnblasenkarzinom (NMIBC) – Rezidivprophylaxe bei geringem und intermediärem Risiko

Prophylaxis of recurrence in low-to-intermediate risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC)

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Das Low- bis Intermediate-risk-NMIBC (nicht-muskelinvasives Harnblasenkarzinom) zeigt ein hohes Rezidivrisiko bei geringem bis moderatem Progressionsrisiko. Um dieses Risiko zu senken, haben sich verschiedene adjuvante Therapiemaßnahmen etabliert.

Fragestellung

Ziel der Arbeit ist es, einen Überblick zum aktuellen Stand perioperativer und adjuvanter Instillationstherapieformen beim NMIBC von niedrigem und intermediärem Risikoprofil zu geben.

Material und Methoden

Eine PubMed-basierte Recherche für den Zeitraum 2000–2021 wurde mit folgenden Schlüsselwörtern durchgeführt: „BCG, EORTC, early instillation, intermediate-risk, low-risk, mitomycin, NMIBC, recurrence“. Die entsprechend Publikationen wurden weiter auf ihre klinische Relevanz hinsichtlich der Fragestellung und ihres pro-/retrospektiven Ansatzes weiter bewertet.

Ergebnisse

Der EORTC-Score (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer) stellt den am häufigsten verwendeten Risikokalkulator beim NMIBC dar. Eine TURB („transurethral resection of bladder tumor“) gefolgt von einer Frühinstillation stellt den Therapiestandard für das Low-risk-NMIBC dar. Beim Intermediate-risk-NMIBC ist nach der TURB eine adjuvante Instillationstherapie über ein Jahr mit Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) oder einem Chemotherapeutikum empfohlen. Intermediate-risk-Patienten mit Rezidiv nach Chemoinstillation sollten mittels BCG im Induktions- und Erhaltungsmodus weiterbehandelt werden.

Schlussfolgerungen

Eine konsequente Rezidivprophylaxe stellt eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für eine Verringerung der Rezidivrate von Patienten mit NMIBC in der niedrigen und intermediären Risikokonstellation dar. Neue Ansätze und Wirkmechanismen, die sich derzeit in der klinischen Erprobung befinden, haben das Potenzial, dieses Risiko weiter zu reduzieren.

Abstract

Background

Low- and intermediate-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is characterized by a relatively high risk of recurrence and adjuvant instillation therapy is considered standard of treatment for the majority of patients.

Objectives

To provide a current and in-depth review on the role of adjuvant therapy in low-to-intermediate risk NMIBC.

Methods

A PubMed-based search focusing on specific keywords (BCG, EORTC, early instillation, intermediate-risk, low-risk, mitomycin, NMIBC, recurrence) was conducted to identify studies published between 2000 and 2021. The corresponding publications were assessed based on their clinical relevance to the question at hand and their pro/retrospective approach.

Results

The EORTC risk tables are most frequently used to determine the risk of recurrence. In low-risk NMIBC, transurethral bladder tumor resection (TURBT) followed by early instillation is considered standard of treatment. In intermediate-risk NMIBC, TUR-BT is followed by adjuvant instillations with either chemoinstillation or BCG.

Conclusions

Consequent use of adjuvant instillation therapy is necessary to reduce the risk of recurrence. New agents and modes of drug delivery (i.e. chemoablation) on the horizon have the potential to further improve outcomes.

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Correspondence to Georgios Gakis.

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Interessenkonflikt

G. Gakis gibt an (vergangene drei Jahre): Tätigkeiten im Advisory Board (MSD, Merck, Leo Pharma, Bayer, Astellas, Roche, BMS) und Honorartätigkeiten/Vorträge (medac, Ipsen Pharma, Erbe Elektromedizin, Roche, MSD).

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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Gakis, G. Nicht-muskelinvasives Harnblasenkarzinom (NMIBC) – Rezidivprophylaxe bei geringem und intermediärem Risiko. Urologe 60, 1391–1399 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-021-01680-9

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