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Psychiatrische Komorbiditäten bei tabakbedingten Störungen

Psychiatric comorbidities with tobacco-related disorders

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Zusammenfassung

Die Koinzidenz von Tabakkonsum und psychiatrischen Störungen ist von hoher epidemiologischer und therapeutischer Bedeutung. Tabakrauchen bei Personen mit psychischen Störungen führt zu überproportionalen körperlichen Gesundheitsrisiken, ungünstigeren Störungsverläufen, schlechteren Therapieergebnissen und verminderter Lebensqualität (QoL). Die ätiologischen Gründe für die hohe Komorbidität zwischen Rauchen und psychischen Störungen sind noch unklar: Aktuell wird Tabakrauchen als Folge oder Mitursache psychischer Störungen diskutiert, oder beide Störungen besitzen gemeinsame Ursachen und Interaktionen. Psychiatrische Patienten sind aufhörmotiviert und Tabakentwöhnung ist bei Rauchern mit psychischer Störung nicht generell weniger erfolgreich als unter psychisch gesunden Personen. Spezifische Tabakentwöhnungsprogramme für psychiatrische Patienten in stationären und ambulanten Settings sind aufwendig und komplex, aber wirksam. Im Rahmen der aktuellen S3-Leitlinien wurde die internationale Evidenzlage aktualisiert und nach einem aufwendigen Konsensusprozess in Therapieempfehlungen transformiert. Im Wesentlichen sollen die gleichen Interventionsmaßnahmen zum Einsatz kommen wie bei psychisch gesunden Personen. Allerdings benötigen Raucher mit psychischer Komorbidität häufig psychotherapeutische Begleitinterventionen höherer Intensität und oftmals medikamentöse Unterstützung (Bupropion, Vareniclin, Nikotinersatztherapie). Aufgrund der insgesamt unbefriedigenden Befundlage basieren die Therapieempfehlungen teilweise auf klinischen Konsensentscheidungen. Es ist ein erheblicher Forschungsbedarf in diesem Bereich festzustellen.

Abstract

The coincidence of tobacco smoking and psychiatric disorders is of great epidemiological and therapeutic importance. Tobacco smoking by people with mental disorders leads to disproportionately high somatic health risks, an adverse clinical course, poorer clinical outcomes and reduced quality of life (QoL). The etiological causes of the high comorbidity between smoking and mental disorders are still unclear: currently, tobacco smoking is discussed as being either the consequence or contributory cause of psychological disorders or both disorders share common antecedents and interactions. Psychiatric patients are motivated to quit and smoking cessation is not generally less effective with smokers with mental disorders than with mentally healthy individuals. Specific smoking cessation programs in the inpatient and outpatient settings are time-consuming and complex but effective. Within the framework of the current S3 guidelines the international evidence has been updated and transformed into treatment guidelines following an elaborate consensus process. Basically the same interventional measures should be used as with mentally healthy individuals; however, smokers with a psychological comorbidity often need more intensive adjuvant psychotherapeutic interventions and often need pharmaceutical support, (bupropion, varenicline and nicotine replacement therapy). Due to the overall unsatisfactory findings the treatment guidelines are partially based on clinical consensus decisions. In this field, a considerable need for research has been determined.

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Danksagung

Die Autoren danken allen Fachgesellschaften und Institutionen für die finanzielle Unterstützung. Spenden und Zuwendungen von mehr als 10.000 EUR kamen von ZI, UKPP, DGPPN, DG-Sucht, Privatklinik Meiringen, DG-Suchtmedizin, Dt. Rentenversicherung Bund. Dieser Beitrag enstand unter der Mitarbeit von Frau B. Sc. Psych. Jeanine Paulick.

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Correspondence to S. Mühlig.

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S. Mühlig, S. Andreas, A. Batra, K. U. Petersen, E. Hoch und T. Rüther geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

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Mühlig, S., Andreas, S., Batra, A. et al. Psychiatrische Komorbiditäten bei tabakbedingten Störungen. Nervenarzt 87, 46–52 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-015-0020-x

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