Zusammenfassung
Bei allen Reformbemühungen der letzten Jahrzehnte in der modernen Akutpsychiatrie steht diese weiterhin in einem Spannungsfeld, in welchem die psychiatrische Alltagspraxis in verschiedene Widersprüche verwickelt ist. Der Schutz der Patientenautonomie kann in Konflikt mit einem ordnungspolitischen Mandat der Akutpsychiatrie geraten, die Notwendigkeit von Zwangsmaßnahmen als unfreiwillige Hilfestellung kann im mutmaßlichen, aber umstrittenen Interesse des Patienten fraglich werden. Die Widersprüche manifestieren sich insbesondere in Fragen von Unterbringung, Türschließung, Zwangs- und Isolationsmaßnahmen. Die Forschung zur Wirksamkeit solcher Maßnahmen ist gering. Entsprechend ist die Praxis je nach Land, Klinik oder Station heterogen.
Epidemiologisch wird eine Zunahme psychiatrischer Erkrankungen prognostiziert, gleichzeitig erhalten medizinethische Ansprüche an die Gewährleistung der Patientenautonomie, an ein „shared decision making“ und den „informed consent“ in der Psychiatrie zunehmend Bedeutung. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden die strukturellen und klinischen Herausforderungen, wie sie sich in Selbst- und Fremdgefährdungssituationen in der akutpsychiatrischen Behandlung zeigen, dargestellt und ein Rational für mögliche Türöffnungen in der psychiatrischen Akutbehandlung entwickelt.
Summary
Despite the reform efforts of the last decades modern acute psychiatry still stands between conflicting priorities in everyday practice. The protection of patient autonomy might conflict with a regulatory mandate of psychiatry in societal contexts and the necessity of coercive measures and involuntary treatment might become problematic with respect to presumed but contentious interests of the patient. The conflicts particularly concern questions of involuntary commitment, door closing, coercive and isolation measures. Research on the topic of therapeutic effectiveness of these practices is rare. Accordingly, the practice depends on the federal state, hospital and ward and is very heterogeneous.
Epidemiological prognosis predicts an increase of psychiatric disorders; however, simultaneously in terms of medical ethics the warranty of patient autonomy, shared decision-making and informed consent in psychiatry become increasingly more important. This challenges structural and practical changes in psychiatry, particularly in situations of self and third party endangerment which are outlined and a rationale for an opening of the doors in acute psychiatric wards is provided.
Literatur
Baker JA, Bowers L, Owiti JA (2009) Wards features associated with high rates of medication refusal by patients: a large multi-centred survey. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 31:80–89
Bowers L, Jarrett M, Clark N (1998) Absconding: a literature review. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 5:343–353
Bowers L, Jarrett M, Clark N et al (1999) Absconding: why patients leave. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 6:199–205
Bucht G, Gustafson Y, Sandberg O (2009) Epidemiology of delirium. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 10:315–318
Combs H, Romm S (2007) Psychiatric inpatient suicide: a literature review. Primary Psychiatry 14:67–74
Elbogen EB, Johnson SC (2009) The intricate link between violence and mental disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:152–161
Falkowski J, Watts V, Falkowski W, Dean T (1990) Patients leaving hospital without the knowledge or permission of staff – absconding. Br J Psychiatry 156:488–490
Ferreira MH, Colombo ES, Guimarães PS et al (2007) Suicide risk among inpatients at a university general hospital. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 29:51–54
Ford R, Durcan G, Warner L et al (1998) One day survey by the Mental Health Act Commission of acute adult psychiatric inpatient wards. Br Med J 7168:1279–1283
Gaebel W, Falkai P (Hrsg) (2010) Therapeutische Maßnahmen bei aggressivem Verhalten in der Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie. Reihe: S2 Praxisleitlinien in Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Bd 2. Springer, Berlin
Gesundheitsministerkonferenz der Länder 2007 (Hrsg) (2007) Psychiatrie in Deutschland. Strukturen, Leistungen, Perspektiven, S 10
Giddens A (1989) Social theory and modern sociology. In: Stones R (1998) (Hrsg) Key Sociological Thinkers McMillan Press Ltd., London, S 151–162
Goffman E (1961) Asylums. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth Middlesex
Grube M (2004) Ethnic minorities and aggressive behaviour in psychiatric in-patients: an investigation using a „Matched-Pair“ design. Psychiatr Prax 31:11–15
Haglund K, van der Meiden E, von Knorring L, von Essen L (2007) Psychiatric care behind locked doors. A study regarding the frequency of and the reasons for locked psychiatric wards in Sweden. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 14:49–54
Haglund K, von Essen L (2005) Locked entrance doors at psychiatric wards – advantages and disadvantages according to voluntarily admitted patients. Nord J Psychiatry 59:511–515
Husum TL, Bjørngaard JH, Finset A, Ruud T (2010) A cross-sectional prospective study of seclusion, restraint and involuntary medication in acute psychiatric wards: patient, staff and ward characteristics. BMC Health Serv Res 10:89
Ketelsen R, Zechert C, Driessen M (2007) Kooperationsmodell zwischen psychiatrischen Kliniken mit dem Ziel der Qualitätssicherung bei Zwangsmaßnahmen. Psychiatr Prax 208–211
Krakowski MI, Czobor P (2004) Psychosocial risk factors associated with suicide attempts and violence among psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatr Serv 55:1414–1419
Lang UE, Hartmann S, Schulz-Hartmann S et al (2010) Do locked doors in psychiatric hospitals prevent patients from absconding? Eur J Psychiat 24:199–204
Lang U (2012) Innovative Psychiatrie mit offenen Türen. Springer
Martin V, Bernhardsgrütter R, Göbel R, Steinert T (2007) The use of mechanical restraint and seclusion: comparing the clinical practice in Germany and Switzerland. Psychiatr Praxis 34:212–217
Meehan T, Morrison P, McDougall S (1999) Absconding behaviour: an exploratory investigation in an acute inpatient. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 33:533–537
Müller MJ, Schlösser R, Kapp-Steen G et al (2002) Patients‘ satisfaction with psychiatric treatment: comparison between an open and a closed ward. Psychiatr Q 73:93–107
Muralidharan S, Fenton M (2006) Containment strategies for people with serious mental illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:2084
Rittmannsberger H, Sartorius N, Brad M et al (2004) Changing aspects of psychiatric inpatient treatment. A census investigation in five European countries. Eur Psychiatry 19:483–488
Ruesch P, Miserez B, Hell D (2003) A risk profile of the aggressive psychiatric inpatient: can it be identified? Nervenarzt 74:259–265
Sailas E, Fenton M (2000) Seclusion and restraint for people with serious mental illnesses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD001163
Sampson EL, Blanchard MR, Jones L et al (2009) Dementia in the acute hospital: prospective cohort study of prevalence and mortality. Br J Psychiatry 195:61–66
Steinert T (2002) Prediction of inpatient violence. Acta Psychiatr Scand 412:133–142
Steinert T, Bergbauer G, Schmid P, Gebhardt RP (2007) Seclusion and restraint in patients with schizophrenia: clinical and biographical correlates. J Nerv Ment Dis 195:492–496
Steinert T, Eisele F, Goeser U et al (2008) Successful interventions on an organisational level to reduce violence and coercive interventions in in-patients with adjustment disorders and personality disorders. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 4:27
Steinert T, Martin V, Baur M et al (2007) Diagnosis-related frequencies of compulsory measures in 10 German psychiatric hospitals and correlates with hospital characteristics. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 42:140–145
Thomas B (1996) Rethinking acute inpatient care. Aust N Z J Mental Health Nurs 5:32–39
Werner W (Hrsg) (2004) Lehrbuch der Krankenhauispsychiatrie. Schattauer, Stuttgart
Whittington R, Baskind E, Paterson B (2006) Coercive measures in the management of imminent violence: Restraint, seclusion and enhanced observation. In: Richter D, Whittington R (Hrsg) Violence in mental health settings. Causes, consequences, management. Springer, New York, S 145–172
Interessenkonflikt
Der korrespondierende Autor gibt für sich und seinen Koautor an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sollberger, D., Lang, U. Psychiatrie mit offenen Türen. Nervenarzt 85, 312–318 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-013-3769-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-013-3769-9