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Psychiatrie mit offenen Türen

Teil 1: Rational für Türöffnungen in der Akutpsychiatrie

Psychiatry with open doors

Part 1: Rational for an open door for acute psychiatry

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Zusammenfassung

Bei allen Reformbemühungen der letzten Jahrzehnte in der modernen Akutpsychiatrie steht diese weiterhin in einem Spannungsfeld, in welchem die psychiatrische Alltagspraxis in verschiedene Widersprüche verwickelt ist. Der Schutz der Patientenautonomie kann in Konflikt mit einem ordnungspolitischen Mandat der Akutpsychiatrie geraten, die Notwendigkeit von Zwangsmaßnahmen als unfreiwillige Hilfestellung kann im mutmaßlichen, aber umstrittenen Interesse des Patienten fraglich werden. Die Widersprüche manifestieren sich insbesondere in Fragen von Unterbringung, Türschließung, Zwangs- und Isolationsmaßnahmen. Die Forschung zur Wirksamkeit solcher Maßnahmen ist gering. Entsprechend ist die Praxis je nach Land, Klinik oder Station heterogen.

Epidemiologisch wird eine Zunahme psychiatrischer Erkrankungen prognostiziert, gleichzeitig erhalten medizinethische Ansprüche an die Gewährleistung der Patientenautonomie, an ein „shared decision making“ und den „informed consent“ in der Psychiatrie zunehmend Bedeutung. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden die strukturellen und klinischen Herausforderungen, wie sie sich in Selbst- und Fremdgefährdungssituationen in der akutpsychiatrischen Behandlung zeigen, dargestellt und ein Rational für mögliche Türöffnungen in der psychiatrischen Akutbehandlung entwickelt.

Summary

Despite the reform efforts of the last decades modern acute psychiatry still stands between conflicting priorities in everyday practice. The protection of patient autonomy might conflict with a regulatory mandate of psychiatry in societal contexts and the necessity of coercive measures and involuntary treatment might become problematic with respect to presumed but contentious interests of the patient. The conflicts particularly concern questions of involuntary commitment, door closing, coercive and isolation measures. Research on the topic of therapeutic effectiveness of these practices is rare. Accordingly, the practice depends on the federal state, hospital and ward and is very heterogeneous.

Epidemiological prognosis predicts an increase of psychiatric disorders; however, simultaneously in terms of medical ethics the warranty of patient autonomy, shared decision-making and informed consent in psychiatry become increasingly more important. This challenges structural and practical changes in psychiatry, particularly in situations of self and third party endangerment which are outlined and a rationale for an opening of the doors in acute psychiatric wards is provided.

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Sollberger, D., Lang, U. Psychiatrie mit offenen Türen. Nervenarzt 85, 312–318 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-013-3769-9

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