Zusammenfassung
Ein Vitamin-D-Mangel ist bei geriatrischen Patienten weit verbreitet. Während er etwa 50 % der gesunden älteren Erwachsenen betrifft, steigt die Prävalenz bei geriatrischen Patienten mit Hüftbruch auf über 80 %. Ursache ist die Sonne als unverlässliche Hauptquelle von Vitamin D. Hier spielt neben der ungenügenden Sonnenintensität von November bis April die Hautalterung eine wesentliche Rolle; sie bewirkt bei älteren gegenüber jungen Menschen eine 4‑fach verminderte hauteigene Vitamin-D-Produktion bei Sonnenbestrahlung. Weitere Risikofaktoren bei geriatrischen Patienten sind Immobilität und Institutionalisierung. Ein Vitamin-D-Mangel (< 20 ng/ml) lässt das Parathormon steigen und begünstigt damit den Knochenabbau und das Frakturrisiko. Ein schwerer Vitamin-D-Mangel (< 10 ng/ml) bedingt zudem eine reversible Muskelschwäche und führt zu einem erhöhten Sturzrisiko. Da Stürze mindestens jeden zweiten geriatrischen Patienten betreffen und ab dem 75. Lebensjahr Hüftfrakturen exponentiell zunehmen, ist die Korrektur eines Vitamin-D-Mangels bei diesen Patienten medizinisch wie auch volksgesundheitliche bedeutsam. Zahlreiche randomisierte Interventionsstudien konnten bei ≥65-jährigen Erwachsenen mit erhöhtem Risiko für Vitamin-D-Mangel und Stürze bzw. Frakturen eine signifikante Reduktion von Stürzen und Hüftfrakturen belegen, wenn 800–1000 IE Vitamin D/Tag mit Placebo oder Kalzium verglichen wurden. In der Umsetzung der Vitamin-D-Supplementation bei geriatrischen Patienten wird heute dieser Dosisbereich bevorzugt. Eine Bolusgabe von über 24.000 IE pro Monat sollte wegen Zunahme des Sturz- und Frakturrisikos vermieden werden. Diese Empfehlungen sind auch nach kritischer Prüfung von vier kürzlich durchgeführten Metaanalysen sinnvoll.
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is widespread in geriatric patients. While vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in about 50% of healthy older adults, the prevalence in geriatric patients with hip fracture increases to over 80%. This is partly due to the fact that sunlight is unreliable as the main source of vitamin D. In addition to insufficient sun intensity from November to April, skin aging plays an important role; it causes a 4-fold reduction in the skin’s own vitamin D production during sunshine exposure in older adults compared with younger people. Immobility and institutionalization are additional risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in geriatric patients. At the same time, vitamin D deficiency (< 20 ng/ml) increases parathyroid hormone levels and thus promotes bone loss and the risk of fracture. Severe vitamin D deficiency (< 10 ng/ml) may also lead to reversible muscle weakness resulting in an increased risk of falling. Since falls affect at least every second geriatric patient and hip fractures increase exponentially after the age of 75, the correction of vitamin D deficiency is an important medical and public health effort in these patients. Several randomized intervention trials, comparing 800–1000 IU vitamin D/day versus placebo or calcium, showed a significant reduction in falls and hip fractures in adults ≥65 years of age who had an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency and of falls or fractures. In geriatric patients, implementing vitamin D supplementation at this dosage is currently preferred. A bolus dose of over 24,000 IU/month should be avoided due to the increased risk of falls and fractures. These recommendations remain relevant after a critical review of the four most recent meta-analyses.
Literatur
Verwendete Literatur
Cummings SR, Nevitt MC (1994) Non-skeletal determinants of fractures: the potential importance of the mechanics of falls. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Osteoporos Int 4(Suppl 1):67–70
Bischoff-Ferrari HA (2009) Fracture epidemiology among individuals age 75+. In: Duque G, Kiel DP (Hrsg) Osteoporosis in older persons: pathophysiology and therapeutic approach. Springer, London, S 97–110
Tinetti ME, Williams CS (1997) Falls, injuries due to falls, and the risk of admission to a nursing home. N Engl J Med 337(18):1279–1284
Pluijm SM et al (2006) A risk profile for identifying community-dwelling elderly with a high risk of recurrent falling: results of a 3-year prospective study. Osteoporos Int 17(3):417–425
Bischoff-Ferrari HA (2011) Three steps to unbreakable bones: the 2011 world osteoporosis day report. https://www.iofbonehealth.org/news/three-steps-unbreakable-bones-world-osteoporosis-day. Zugegriffen: 6. Nov. 2016
Holick MF (1995) Environmental factors that influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr 61(3 Suppl):638S–645S
Thierfelder W et al (2007) Biochemical measures in the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 50(5–6):757–770
van Schoor NM, Lips P (2011) Worldwide vitamin D status. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 25(4):671–680
Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al (2008) Severe vitamin D deficiency in Swiss hip fracture patients. Bone 42(3):597–602
Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al (2009) Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 339:b3692
Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al (2004) Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged 〉 or =60 y. Am J Clin Nutr 80(3):752–758
Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al (2012) A pooled analysis of vitamin D dose requirements for fracture prevention. N Engl J Med 367(1):40–49
Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al (2016) Monthly high-dose vitamin D treatment for the prevention of functional decline: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 176(2):175–183
IOM (2010) Dietary reference ranges for calcium and vitamin D. http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2010/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-for-Calcium-and-Vitamin-D.aspx. Zugegriffen: 13. Febr. 2012
Linseisen JBA, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Hintzpeter B, Leschik-Bonnet E, Reichrath J, Stehle P, Volkert D, Wolfram G, Zittermann A (2011) Vitamin D und Prävention ausgewählter chronischer Krankheiten. https://www.dge.de/fileadmin/public/doc/ws/stellungnahme/DGE-Stellungnahme-VitD-111220.pdf. Zugegriffen: 5. Jan. 2016
Bischoff Ferrari HA et al (2012) Vitamin D summary report BAG. https://www.blv.admin.ch/blv/de/home/das-blv/organisation/kommissionen/eek/vitamin-d-mangel.html. Zugegriffen: 21.05.2020
Holick MF et al (2012) Guidelines for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency revisited. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(4):1153–1158
Dawson-Hughes B et al (2010) IOF position statement: vitamin D recommendations for older adults. Osteoporos Int 21(7):1151–1154
Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al (2010) Benefit-risk assessment of vitamin D supplementation. Osteoporos Int 21(7):1121–1132
Gallagher JC et al (2012) Dose response to vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal women: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 156(6):425–437
Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al (2009) Prevention of nonvertebral fractures with oral vitamin D and dose dependency: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 169(6):551–561
Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al (2005) Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 293(18):2257–2264
Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al (2004) Effect of Vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysis. JAMA 291(16):1999–2006
Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al (2009) Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 339(1):339–b3692
Jackson C et al (2007) The effect of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on the risk of fall and fracture: a meta-analysis. QJM 100(4):185–192
Kalyani RR et al (2010) Vitamin D treatment for the prevention of falls in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 58(7):1299–1310
O’Donnell S et al (2008) Systematic review of the benefits and harms of calcitriol and alfacalcidol for fractures and falls. J Bone Miner Metab 26(6):531–542
Richy F, Dukas L, Schacht E (2008) Differential effects of D‑hormone analogs and native vitamin D on the risk of falls: a comparative meta-analysis. Calcif Tissue Int 82(2):102–107
Michael YL et al (2011) Interventions to prevent falls in older adults: an updated systematic review. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses, formerly Systematic Evidence Reviews, Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2010 Dec. Report No.: 11-05150-EF‑1
Michael YL et al (2011) Primary care-relevant interventions to prevent falling in older adults: a systematic evidence review for the u.s. Preventive services task force. Ann Intern Med 153(12):815–825
Cameron ID et al (2010) Interventions for preventing falls in older people in nursing care facilities and hospitals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005465.pub2
Sanders KM et al (2010) Annual high-dose oral vitamin D and falls and fractures in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 303(18):1815–1822
Ginde AA et al (2017) High-dose monthly vitamin D for prevention of acute respiratory infection in older long-term care residents: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 65(3):496–503
Zhao JG et al (2017) Association between calcium or vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 318(24):2466–2482
Force USPST et al (2018) Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA 319(15):1592–1599
Weaver CM et al (2016) Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and risk of fractures: an updated meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int 27(1):367–376
Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A (2018) Effects of vitamin D supplementation on musculoskeletal health: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 6(11):847–858
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Bhasin S, Manson JE (2018) Preventing fractures and falls: a limited role for calcium and vitamin D supplements? JAMA 319(15):1552–1553
Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al (2019) Vitamin D supplementation and musculoskeletal health. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 7(2):85
Steingrimsdottir L et al (2005) Relationship between serum parathyroid hormone levels, vitamin D sufficiency, and calcium intake. JAMA 294(18):2336–2341
Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al (2007) Calcium intake and hip fracture risk in men and women: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 86(6):1780–1790
Melton LJ 3rd, Crowson CS, O’Fallon WM (1999) Fracture incidence in Olmsted County, Minnesota: comparison of urban with rural rates and changes in urban rates over time. Osteoporos Int 9(1):29–37
Weiterführende Literatur
Boonen S et al (2007) Need for additional calcium to reduce the risk of hip fracture with vitamin d supplementation: evidence from a comparative metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(4):1415–1423
DVO (2014) Leitlinie Osteoporose. http://www.dv-osteologie.org/uploads/Leitlinie%202014/DVO-Leitlinie%20Osteoporose%202014%20Kurzfassung%20und%20Langfassung%20Version%201a%2012%2001%202016.pdf. Zugegriffen: 8. Juni 2017
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Interessenkonflikt
H.A. Bischoff-Ferrari erhielt Vortragshonorare von Roche, MEDA, WILD, Sandoz, Pfizer und DSM. Sie leitet verschiedene unabhängige Studien zu Vitamin D, mit Teilfinanzierung seitens DSM, WILD, Pfizer, Streuli und Roche Diagnostics.
Für diesen Beitrag wurden von der Autorin keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.
Additional information
Redaktion
H. Lehnert, Salzburg
M. Reincke, München
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A. Vitamin D beim geriatrischen Patienten. Internist 61, 535–540 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-020-00803-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-020-00803-2