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Perioperatives Gerinnungsmanagement bei oraler Antikoagulation

Perioperative management of anticoagulation

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Das perioperative Gerinnungsmanagement bei Patienten mit oraler Antikoagulation hat die Reduktion möglicher Blutungskomplikationen eines chirurgischen Eingriffs zum Ziel.

Fragestellung

Ziel war die Zusammenfassung der aktuellen Datenlage mit Empfehlungen zum praktischen Vorgehen für chirurgische Kollegen.

Material und Methoden

Narrative Übersicht zur Datenlage mit 31 Quellen aus den Jahren 2000 bis 2013.

Ergebnisse

Jeder perioperativen Entscheidung über die Fortsetzung einer oralen Antikoagulation geht eine Einschätzung des Blutungs- und Thromboembolierisikos voraus. Dabei kann, bei niedrigem Blutungsrisiko, in der Regel die orale Antikoagulation fortgeführt werden. Dagegen ist bei größeren Interventionen mit moderatem bis hohem Blutungsrisiko ein Pausieren von Phenprocoumon mit vorübergehender Überbrückung notwendig. Dabei ist das Absetzen von Phenprocoumon 7–9 Tage präoperativ und eine Heparingabe meist mit niedermolekularen Heparinen (NMH) in Abhängigkeit des „international normalized ratio“ gängige Praxis.

Im Gegensatz hierzu wird das perioperative Management unter den direkten oralen Antikoagulantien (DOAK) konträr diskutiert. Basierend auf der Pharmakokinetik der DOAK wird einerseits eine Minimierung des antikoagulationsfreien Intervalls von 2–4 Halbwertszeiten (HWZ) präoperativ (1–5 Tage) mit einer frühzeitigen Wiederaufnahme postoperativ empfohlen, sodass sich eine Überbrückung erübrigt. Von chirurgischer Seite wird dagegen häufig ein deutlich längeres Intervall von 5 Tagen präoperativ bis minimal 2 Tage postoperativ favorisiert, um eine ausreichende Hämostase zum Zeitpunkt der Operation sicherzustellen. Dabei sollte – abhängig vom Thromboembolierisiko – eine Überbrückung erfolgen. Begründet wird diese Empfehlung mit der zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt begrenzten Datenlage und der fehlenden Möglichkeit der Antagonisierung.

Schlussfolgerung

Das perioperative Gerinnungsmanagement ist auch heute noch eine Herausforderung. Während es zu Phenprocoumon konsolidierte Entscheidungshilfen gibt, wird das Vorgehen unter eine DOAK-Therapie aufgrund begrenzter Daten noch kontrovers diskutiert.

Abstract

Background

The aim of the perioperative management of anticoagulation in patients with long-term oral anticoagulation is to minimize bleeding complications of surgical interventions.

Objectives

We aimed to give a summary of current data and to give practical recommendations for colleagues practicing surgery.

Material and methods

This article gives a narrative overview of available data from 31 publications between 2000 and 2013.

Results

Every perioperative decision on whether to continue oral anticoagulation is preceded by an assessment of the risk of bleeding and embolism. In cases with a low risk of bleeding, oral anticoagulation can usually be continued. In contrast, for larger interventions with a moderate to high risk of bleeding, a discontinuation of phenprocoumon with temporary bridging is required. In this case it is common practice to discontinue phenprocoumon 7–9 days preoperatively and administer heparin mostly in the form of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) depending on the international normalized ratio (INR).

In contrast perioperative management of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) is discussed controversially. Based on the pharmacokinetics of the DAOC, the recommendations are to minimize the anticoagulation-free interval to 2–4 half-lives (HWZ) preoperatively (1-5 days) and early postoperative restart. In this case no bridging is necessary. On the other hand, an early interruption of DOAC 5 days prior to surgery to a minimum of 2 days postoperatively is favored by some surgeons to assure an adequate perioperative hemostasis. Depending on the risk of thromboembolism, bridging is required. These recommendations are justified by limited clinical experience and the absence of antagonism.

Conclusion

The perioperative management of coagulation is still a challenge. While there are consolidated decision aids for phenprocoumon, the approach under DOAC treatment is still controversial due to limited data.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. R. Eisele hält für den Hersteller von Certoparin Vorträge. M. Melzer ist Mitarbeiter der Fa. Novartis Nürnberg. P. Bramlage erstellt nach dem Konzept des Autors R. Eisele Manuskripte für den Hersteller von Certoparin. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Eisele, R., Melzer, N. & Bramlage, P. Perioperatives Gerinnungsmanagement bei oraler Antikoagulation. Chirurg 85, 513–519 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-014-2738-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-014-2738-6

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