Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Das perioperative Gerinnungsmanagement bei Patienten mit oraler Antikoagulation hat die Reduktion möglicher Blutungskomplikationen eines chirurgischen Eingriffs zum Ziel.
Fragestellung
Ziel war die Zusammenfassung der aktuellen Datenlage mit Empfehlungen zum praktischen Vorgehen für chirurgische Kollegen.
Material und Methoden
Narrative Übersicht zur Datenlage mit 31 Quellen aus den Jahren 2000 bis 2013.
Ergebnisse
Jeder perioperativen Entscheidung über die Fortsetzung einer oralen Antikoagulation geht eine Einschätzung des Blutungs- und Thromboembolierisikos voraus. Dabei kann, bei niedrigem Blutungsrisiko, in der Regel die orale Antikoagulation fortgeführt werden. Dagegen ist bei größeren Interventionen mit moderatem bis hohem Blutungsrisiko ein Pausieren von Phenprocoumon mit vorübergehender Überbrückung notwendig. Dabei ist das Absetzen von Phenprocoumon 7–9 Tage präoperativ und eine Heparingabe meist mit niedermolekularen Heparinen (NMH) in Abhängigkeit des „international normalized ratio“ gängige Praxis.
Im Gegensatz hierzu wird das perioperative Management unter den direkten oralen Antikoagulantien (DOAK) konträr diskutiert. Basierend auf der Pharmakokinetik der DOAK wird einerseits eine Minimierung des antikoagulationsfreien Intervalls von 2–4 Halbwertszeiten (HWZ) präoperativ (1–5 Tage) mit einer frühzeitigen Wiederaufnahme postoperativ empfohlen, sodass sich eine Überbrückung erübrigt. Von chirurgischer Seite wird dagegen häufig ein deutlich längeres Intervall von 5 Tagen präoperativ bis minimal 2 Tage postoperativ favorisiert, um eine ausreichende Hämostase zum Zeitpunkt der Operation sicherzustellen. Dabei sollte – abhängig vom Thromboembolierisiko – eine Überbrückung erfolgen. Begründet wird diese Empfehlung mit der zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt begrenzten Datenlage und der fehlenden Möglichkeit der Antagonisierung.
Schlussfolgerung
Das perioperative Gerinnungsmanagement ist auch heute noch eine Herausforderung. Während es zu Phenprocoumon konsolidierte Entscheidungshilfen gibt, wird das Vorgehen unter eine DOAK-Therapie aufgrund begrenzter Daten noch kontrovers diskutiert.
Abstract
Background
The aim of the perioperative management of anticoagulation in patients with long-term oral anticoagulation is to minimize bleeding complications of surgical interventions.
Objectives
We aimed to give a summary of current data and to give practical recommendations for colleagues practicing surgery.
Material and methods
This article gives a narrative overview of available data from 31 publications between 2000 and 2013.
Results
Every perioperative decision on whether to continue oral anticoagulation is preceded by an assessment of the risk of bleeding and embolism. In cases with a low risk of bleeding, oral anticoagulation can usually be continued. In contrast, for larger interventions with a moderate to high risk of bleeding, a discontinuation of phenprocoumon with temporary bridging is required. In this case it is common practice to discontinue phenprocoumon 7–9 days preoperatively and administer heparin mostly in the form of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) depending on the international normalized ratio (INR).
In contrast perioperative management of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) is discussed controversially. Based on the pharmacokinetics of the DAOC, the recommendations are to minimize the anticoagulation-free interval to 2–4 half-lives (HWZ) preoperatively (1-5 days) and early postoperative restart. In this case no bridging is necessary. On the other hand, an early interruption of DOAC 5 days prior to surgery to a minimum of 2 days postoperatively is favored by some surgeons to assure an adequate perioperative hemostasis. Depending on the risk of thromboembolism, bridging is required. These recommendations are justified by limited clinical experience and the absence of antagonism.
Conclusion
The perioperative management of coagulation is still a challenge. While there are consolidated decision aids for phenprocoumon, the approach under DOAC treatment is still controversial due to limited data.
Literatur
Bauersachs RM, Gogarten W, Hach-Wunderle V et al (2012) Perioperative management of anticoagulation with rivaroxaban – consensus statement of an interdisciplinary committee. Klinikarzt 41:424–431
Bayer Pharma (2012) Summary of product characteristics Xarelto®[Fachinformation Xarelto®]
Boehringer Ingelheim (2013) Summary of product characteristics Pradaxa® [Fachinformation Pradaxa®]
Bridge Study Investigators (2012) Bridging anticoagulation: is it needed when warfarin is interrupted around the time of a surgery or procedure? Circulation 125:e496–e498
Bristol-Myers Squibb (2012) Summary of product characteristics Eliquis®[Fachinformation Eliquis®]
Camm AJ, Lip GY, De Caterina R et al (2012) 2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: an update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Eur Heart J 33:2719–2747
Douketis JD (2011) Perioperative management of patients receiving anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy: a clinician-oriented and practical approach. Hosp Pract (Minneap) 39:41–54
Douketis JD, Berger PB, Dunn AS et al (2008) The perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 133:299S–339S
Douketis JD, Crowther MA, Cherian SS (2000) Perioperative anticoagulation in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation who are undergoing elective surgery: results of a physician survey. Can J Cardiol 16:326–330
Douketis JD, Johnson JA, Turpie AG (2004) Low-molecular-weight heparin as bridging anticoagulation during interruption of warfarin: assessment of a standardized periprocedural anticoagulation regimen. Arch Intern Med 164:1319–1326
Douketis JD, Spyropoulos AC, Spencer FA et al (2012) Perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141:e326S–350S
Dunn AS, Turpie AG (2003) Perioperative management of patients receiving oral anticoagulants: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 163:901–908
Eisele R, Melzer N, Englert C et al (2012) Bridging with the Low molecular weight heparin certoparin in patients requiring temporary discontinuation of oral anticoagulation – the non-interventional, retrospective REMEMBER study. Thromb Res 130:788-792
European Heart Rhythm A, European Association for Cardio-Thoracic S, Camm AJ et al (2010) Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 31:2369–2429
Ferrandis R, Castillo J, De Andres J et al (2013) The perioperative management of new direct oral anticoagulants: a question without answers. Thromb Haemost 110:515–522
Halbritter KM, Wawer A, Beyer J et al (2005) Bridging anticoagulation for patients on long-term vitamin-K-antagonists. A prospective 1 year registry of 311 episodes. J Thromb Haemost 3:2823–2825
Hammerstingl C, Schmitz A, Fimmers R et al (2009) Bridging of chronic oral anticoagulation with enoxaparin in patients with atrial fibrillation: results from the prospective BRAVE registry. Cardiovasc Ther 27:230–238
Healey JS, Eikelboom J, Douketis J et al (2012) Periprocedural bleeding and thromboembolic events with dabigatran compared with warfarin: results from the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY) randomized trial. Circulation 126:343–348
Kreutz R (2012) Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic basics of rivaroxaban. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 26:27–32
Lip GY, Frison L, Halperin JL et al (2011) Comparative validation of a novel risk score for predicting bleeding risk in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation: the HAS-BLED (Hypertension, Abnormal Renal/Liver Function, Stroke, Bleeding History or Predisposition, Labile INR, Elderly, Drugs/Alcohol Concomitantly) score. J Am Coll Cardiol 57:173–180
Omran H, Bauersachs R, Rubenacker S et al (2012) The HAS-BLED score predicts bleedings during bridging of chronic oral anticoagulation. Results from the national multicentre BNK Online bRiDging REgistRy (BORDER). Thromb Haemost 108:65–73
Omran H, Hammerstingl C, Schmidt H et al (2003) A prospective and randomized comparison of the safety and effects of therapeutic levels of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin in chronically anticoagulated patients undergoing elective cardiac catheterization. Thromb Haemost 90:267–271
Pengo V, Cucchini U, Denas G et al (2009) Standardized low-molecular-weight heparin bridging regimen in outpatients on oral anticoagulants undergoing invasive procedure or surgery: an inception cohort management study. Circulation 119:2920–2927
Schellong SM, Haas S, Siebenlist S (2010) Bridging, interruption and switching of anticoagulants in trauma surgery. Unfallchirurg 113:901–907
Sie P, Samama CM, Godier A et al (2011) Surgery and invasive procedures in patients on long-term treatment with direct oral anticoagulants: thrombin or factor-Xa inhibitors. Recommendations of the Working Group on Perioperative Haemostasis and the French Study Group on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 104:669–676
Siegal D, Yudin J, Kaatz S et al (2012) Periprocedural heparin bridging in patients receiving vitamin K antagonists: systematic review and meta-analysis of bleeding and thromboembolic rates. Circulation 126:1630-1639
Spannagl M, Bauersachs R, Debus ES et al (2012) Dabigatran therapy – perioperative management and interpretation of coagulation tests. Hamostaseologie 32:294–305
Spyropoulos AC, Douketis JD, Gerotziafas G et al (2012) Periprocedural antithrombotic and bridging therapy: recommendations for standardized reporting in patients with arterial indications for chronic oral anticoagulant therapy. J Thromb Haemost 10:692–694
Spyropoulos AC, Turpie AG, Dunn AS et al (2006) Clinical outcomes with unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin as bridging therapy in patients on long-term oral anticoagulants: the REGIMEN registry. J Thromb Haemost 4:1246–1252
Van Ryn J, Stangier J, Haertter S et al (2010) Dabigatran etexilate–a novel, reversible, oral direct thrombin inhibitor: interpretation of coagulation assays and reversal of anticoagulant activity. Thromb Haemost 103:1116–1127
Wanek MR, Horn ET, Elapavaluru S et al (2012) Safe use of hemodialysis for dabigatran removal before cardiac surgery. Ann Pharmacother 46:e21
Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien
Interessenkonflikt. R. Eisele hält für den Hersteller von Certoparin Vorträge. M. Melzer ist Mitarbeiter der Fa. Novartis Nürnberg. P. Bramlage erstellt nach dem Konzept des Autors R. Eisele Manuskripte für den Hersteller von Certoparin. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Eisele, R., Melzer, N. & Bramlage, P. Perioperatives Gerinnungsmanagement bei oraler Antikoagulation. Chirurg 85, 513–519 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-014-2738-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-014-2738-6
Schlüsselwörter
- Thromboembolie
- Niedermolekulares Heparin
- Antikoagulanzien
- International Normalized Ratio
- Risikoabschätzung