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Anwendungsbeschränkung für Hydroxyäthylstärke

Hintergründe und alternative Konzepte

Limited applications for hydroxyethyl starch

Background and alternative concepts

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Der Ausschuss für Risikobewertung im Bereich der Pharmakovigilanz (PRAC) der Europäischen Arzneimittel-Agentur (European Medicines Agency, EMA) kam im Rahmen eines Risikobewertungsverfahrens zu dem Schluss, dass der Nutzen von hydroxyäthylstärkehaltigen Infusionslösungen („hydroxyethyl starch“, HES) die Risiken nicht länger überwiegt und empfahl am 14.06.2013 ein Ruhen der entsprechenden Zulassungen. Bis zum Abschluss des Verfahrens, das noch einige Monate in Anspruch nehmen kann, empfiehlt das Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM) daher, von der Anwendung von HES abzusehen.

Ziel der Arbeit

Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, die Datenlage möglichst objektiv und kompakt darzustellen und dem Leser die Grundlagen dafür zu liefern, sich am Ende ein eigenes Urteil bilden zu können. Zudem wird der Versuch unternommen, ein Konzept darzustellen, wie eine Infusionstherapie ohne HES gestaltet werden kann.

Material and Methoden

Anhand einer Literaturübersicht werden die Hintergründe dieser Entscheidung aufgeführt und die Nachvollziehbarkeit für die Intensivmedizin sowie die Notfall- und perioperative Medizin bewertet. Ferner wird ebenfalls basierend auf den Ergebnissen aktueller Studien ein Konzept der Infusionstherapie ohne Hydroxyäthylstärke erarbeitet.

Ergebnisse

Für Infusionsregimes ohne HES ist zu bedenken, dass Gelatine ein beachtliches Risiko an anaphylaktischen Reaktionen beinhaltet, die Übertragung der neuen Variante der Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Erkrankung (bovine spongiforme Enzephalopathie, BSE) nicht grundsätzlich ausgeschlossen ist und sich auch Hinweise fanden, dass Gelatine – wahrscheinlich ähnlich wie HES – die Nieren schädigen kann. Auch im Hinblick auf die Kosten-Nutzen Analyse der Infusionslösungen können bei Erwachsenen Blutverluste in einer Größenordnung von bis zu 1–1,5 l mit balancierten Kristalloiden ersetzt werden (Basistherapie; 4- bis 5-fache Menge im Vergleich zum Blutverlust). Bei größeren Blutverlusten könnten geringe Mengen hyperonkotische Albuminlösung (20%ig) oder alternativ 5%ige Albuminlösung eingesetzt werden. Hierbei scheint die 20%ige Albuminlösung gewisse Vorteile zu besitzen, da sie einen hohen Volumeneffekt hat (rund 200%) und sich so günstiger auf die Flüssigkeitsbilanz auswirken kann als 5%ige Albuminlösung. Blutverluste über 2–3 l bedürfen in der Regel ohnehin der Gabe von Blutprodukten (z.B. „fresh frozen plasma“, FFP, und Erythrozytenkonzentrat, EK).

Schlussfolgerungen

Die HES-Lösungen der 3. Generation können nicht ohne Einschränkungen durch andere Kolloide ersetzt werden, und zukünftig werden Kristalloide in weiten Bereichen wieder verstärkt die Grundlage der Infusionstherapie bilden. Hierbei sollten bezüglich des Säure-Base-Haushalts balancierte Kristalloide den Vorzug erhalten. Insgesamt lehrt die Geschichte von HES eindrucksvoll, dass die Infusionstherapie, sei es nun in der Intensivmedizin, der perioperativen oder auch der Notfallmedizin, auf eine wissenschaftlich noch fundiertere Basis gestellt werden muss. Große prospektive Studien mit klinisch relevanten Endpunkten sind zwingend erforderlich.

Abstract

Background

Within the framework of a risk assessment procedure the Committee for Risk Assessment of Pharmacovigilance (PRAC) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) came to the conclusion that the benefits of hydroxylethyl starch infusion solutions (HES) no longer outweighed the risks and on 14 June 2013 recommended that approval should be suspended. Until the procedure has finally been concluded, which could last several months, the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Products (BfArM) has recommended that HES should not be used.

Aim

The aim of this article is to present the data situation in the most objective and compact way and to ultimately give the reader the foundations in order to be able to form a personal opinion. In addition an attempt will be made to describe a concept how infusion therapy can be carried out without using hydroxyethyl starch (HES).

Material and methods

The background to this decision is given based on a review of the literature and the relevance for intensive care, emergency and perioperative medicine is assessed. Furthermore, a concept of infusion therapy without hydroxyethyl starch is formulated also based on the results of current studies.

Results

For infusion regimens without HES it should be noted that gelatin represents a considerable risk for anaphylactic reactions, that transfer of the new variants of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy BSE) cannot fundamentally be excluded and that some evidence has been found that gelatin can cause kidney injury, probably in a similar way to HES. With respect to the cost-benefit analysis of infusion solutions, blood loss in adults of approximately 1-1.5 l can be substituted by balanced crystalloids (basic therapy 4–5 times compared to the amount of blood lost). For larger blood losses small amounts of hyperoncotic albumin solution (20 %) or alternatively 5 % albumin solution can be used. The 20 % albumin solution seems to have some advantages because it has a higher volume effect (approximately 200 %) and can be more favourable for the fluid balance than 5 % albumin solution. Blood losses greater than 2-3 l normally also require administration of blood products (e.g. fresh frozen plasma FFP and erythrocyte concentrates EC).

Conclusions

The third generation HES solutions cannot be completely replaced by other colloids and in future crystalloids will more strongly again broadly form the basis for infusion therapy. In this aspect balanced crystalloids have priority with respect to the acid-base equilibrium. The history of HES has impressively shown that infusion therapy must be adjusted on a scientifically founded basis, whether in intensive care medicine, perioperative or emergency medicine. Large prospective studies with clinically relevant endpoints are urgently needed.

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Einhaltung der ethischen Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. M. Rehm leitet aktuell 2 klinische Studien, von denen eine von CSL Behring, eine von Fresenius Kabi unterstützt wird. Er hat in den letzten 2 Jahren von CSL Behring und Fresenius Kabi Reisekosten und Honorare für Vorträge erhalten. Das vorliegende Manuskript enthält keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Rehm, M. Anwendungsbeschränkung für Hydroxyäthylstärke. Anaesthesist 62, 644–655 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-013-2220-8

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