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Neuroanästhesie

Grundlagen der perioperativen Betreuung

Neuroanaesthesia

Principles of optimized perioperative management

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Zusammenfassung

Neuroanästhesie erfordert aufgrund der hohen Vulnerabilität des primären Zielorgans Gehirn in besonderer Weise die Auseinandersetzung mit physiologischen Grundlagen und intraoperativen Einflussfaktoren. Vorausschauendes Agieren ist im Rahmen neurochirurgischer Eingriffe unerlässlich, da wesentliche Komponenten des anästhesiologischen Managements bereits präoperativ festgelegt werden müssen. Intrakranielle Compliance und intrakranieller Druck bestimmen das Patientenschicksal und müssen richtig eingeschätzt sowie kontinuierlich überwacht werden. Durch erweiterte Monitoringverfahren ist eine differenzierte und individualisierte Vorgangsweise möglich; damit lässt sich die Patientensicherheit wesentlich erhöhen. Im Armamentarium des Anästhesisten in der Therapie der intrakraniellen Hypertension haben Osmotherapeutika auch heute zentralen Stellenwert. Bisher als Ultima Ratio eingestuft, erlangt die dekompressive Kraniektomie zunehmende Bedeutung. Wenige pharmakologische Maßnahmen der Organprotektion sind evidenzbasiert; gleichwohl nähren aktuelle Studien die Hoffnung, durch Medikamente oder adjuvante Maßnahmen wie etwa therapeutische Hypothermie das Schicksal der Patienten positiv beeinflussen zu können. Die perioperative Versorgung von Patienten mit komplexen intrakraniellen Erkrankungen verlangt enge Verzahnung zwischen Anästhesie und Intensivmedizin: Hier ist ein Kontinuum zwischen OP und Intensivstation im Sinne einer „continuous track anaesthesia“ gefordert.

Abstract

Because of the high vulnerability of the brain as a primary target, neuroanaesthesia requires a close look at basic physiological principles and factors of influence during surgery and subsequent intensive care. Anticipatory management is crucial for anaesthesia within the scope of neurosurgical interventions: essential components of anaesthesia management must already be prepared before the surgical procedure. Intracranial compliance and pressure determine the patient’s fate; accordingly they have to be assessed correctly and measured continuously. Advanced methods of monitoring allow sophisticated and individually focused treatment thus contributing to patient safety. Only few pharmacologic approaches have been proven with solid evidence, yet some new studies have revealed interesting brain protective effects of pharmacological and/or adjuvant therapeutic measures. For the treatment of intracranial hypertension, osmotherapy is still of the highest value. Decompressive craniotomy seems to have become a promising alternative, although this must be judged to date as a last resort therapy. Perioperative care of patients with complex intracranial pathologies thus needs a close interaction and cooperation between the operation theatre and intensive care units in the sense of continuous track anaesthesia.

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Herzer, G., Trimmel, H. Neuroanästhesie. Anaesthesist 59, 371–384 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-010-1708-8

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