Abstract
Background
Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a serious adverse event associated with myelotoxic chemotherapy that predisposes patients to life-threatening bacterial infections. Prophylaxis with granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs) from the first cycle of chemotherapy is recommended by the 2006 American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2008 National Comprehensive Cancer Network and 2006 European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer guidelines when the overall risk of FN is approximately 20% or higher. Once-per-cycle pegfilgrastim and daily filgrastim are two commonly used G-CSFs with different dosing schedules and associated costs.
Objective
To evaluate the cost effectiveness of pegfilgrastim versus filgrastim primary prophylaxis in women with early-stage breast cancer receiving chemotherapy in the UK.
Methods
A decision-analytic model was constructed from the UK NHS perspective with a lifetime study horizon. The model simulated three clinical scenarios: scenario 1 assumed that pegfilgrastim and filgrastim had differential impact on the risk of FN; scenario 2 assumed additional differential impact on FN-related mortality; and scenario 3 assumed additional differential impact on chemotherapy relative dose intensity (RDI) with long-term survival effects. The base-case population included 45-year-old women with stage II breast cancer receiving four chemotherapy cycles, with an FN risk of approximately 20% or higher.
Model inputs, including FN risk, FN case-fatality, RDI, impact of RDI on survival and utility scores, were based on a review of the literature and expert panel validation. Using data from the literature, it was estimated that the absolute risk of FN associated with pegfilgrastim was 5.5% lower than with 11-day filgrastim (7% vs 12.5%), and 10.5% lower than with 6-day filgrastim (7% vs 17.5%). Costs were taken from official price lists or the literature and included drugs, drug administration, FN-related hospitalizations and subsequent medical costs. Breast cancer mortality and all-cause mortality were obtained from official statistics. The main outcome measures were the costs (d, year 2006 values) per percentage decrease in (absolute) FN risk, per FN event avoided, per life-year gained (LYG), and per QALY gained. Model robustness was tested using deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.
Results
Pegfilgrastim was cost saving compared with 11-day filgrastim (£3196 vs £4315). Compared with 6-day filgrastim, pegfilgrastim was associated with a cost of £4200 per FN event avoided, or £42 per 1% decrease in absolute risk of FN, in scenario 1. In scenario 2, pegfilgrastim provided 0.055 more LYGs or 0.052 more QALYs at a minimal cost increase of d441 (£3196 vs £2754) per person, yielding an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of £8075/LYG or £8526/QALY. In scenario 3, when all potential benefits of G-CSF were considered, the ICER became £3955/LYG or £4161/QALY. Results were most sensitive to the relative risk of FN for 6-day filgrastim versus pegfilgrastim.
Conclusions
In this UK analysis, pegfilgrastim appears to dominate 11-day use of filgrastim. The value of pegfilgrastim versus 6-day filgrastim at £4161-8526/QALY was very favourable compared with the commonly used threshold in the UK. In this setting, primary prophylaxis with pegfilgrastim may be cost effective compared with filgrastim.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Smith T, Khatcheressian J, Lyman GH, et al. 2006 update of recommendations for the use of white blood cell growth factors: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24(19): 3187–205
Crawford J, Ozer H, Stoller R, et al. Reduction by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor of fever and neutropenia induced by chemotherapy in patients with small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 1991; 325(3): 164–70
Trillet-Lenoir V, Green J, Manegold C, et al. Recombinant granulocyte colony stimulating factor reduces the infectious complications of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A(3): 319–24
Holmes FA, O’shaughnessy JA, Vukelja S, et al. Blinded, randomized, multicenter study to evaluate single administration pegfilgrastim once per cycle versus daily filgrastim as an adjunct to chemotherapy in patients with high-risk stage II or stage III/IV breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20(3): 727–31
Green MD, Koelbl H, Baselga J, et al. A randomized double-blind multicenter phase III study of fixed-dose single-administration pegfilgrastim versus daily filgrastim in patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 2003; 14(1): 29–35
Vogel CL, Wojtukiewicz MZ, Carroll RR, et al. First and subsequent cycle use of pegfilgrastim prevents febrile neutropenia in patients with breast cancer: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23(6): 1178–84
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Clinical practice guidelines in oncology: myeloid growth factors, version 1.2008 [online]. Available from URL: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/myeloid_growth.pdf [Accessed 2008 Jun 26]
Aapro MS, Cameron DA, Pettengell R, et al. EORTC guidelines for the use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor to reduce the incidence of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in adult patients with lymphomas and solid tumours. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42(15): 2433–53
Glaspy JA, Bleecker G, Crawford J, et al. The impact of therapy with filgrastim (recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) on the health care costs associated with cancer chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29ASuppl. 7: S23–30
Pinto L, Liu Z, Doan Q, et al. Comparison of pegfilgrastim with filgrastim on febrile neutropenia, grade IV neutropenia and bone pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Curr Med Res Opin 2007; 23(9): 2283–95
Siena S, Piccart MJ, Holmes FA, et al. A combined analysis of two pivotal randomized trials of a single dose of pegfilgrastim per chemotherapy cycle and daily filgrastim in patients with stage II-IV breast cancer. Oncol Rep 2003; 10(3): 715–24
von Minckwitz G, Kummel S, du Bois A, et al. Pegfilgrastim +/− ciprofloxacin for primary prophylaxis with TAC (docetaxel/doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide) chemotherapy for breast cancer: results from the GEPARTRIO study. Ann Oncol 2008; 19(2): 292–8
Weycker D, Hackett J, Edelsberg JS, et al. Are shorter courses of filgrastim prophylaxis associated with increased risk of hospitalization? Ann Pharmacother 2006; 40(3): 402–7
Scott SD, Chrischilles EA, Link BK, et al. Days of prophylactic filgrastim use to reduce febrile neutropenia in patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma treated with chemotherapy. J Manag Care Pharm 2003; 9(2 Suppl.): 15–21
Green MD, Lu ZJ. Once-per-cycle fixed-dose administration of pegfilgrastim reduced resource utilization and cost compared with daily filgrastim in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia [abstract and poster]. International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research, 5th Annual European Congress; 2002 Nov 3–5; Rotterdam
Heckinger EA, Lee J, Calhoun E, et al. Cost minimization analysis of filgrastim (G-CSF) versus pegfilgrastim (peg-GCSF) for stage II-IV breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: assessments based on third-party and societal perspectives [abstract no. 2116]. Presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology 39th Annual Meeting; 2003 May 31-Jun 3; Chicago (IL)
Adams JR, Angelotta C, Bennett CL. Prophylactic colony-stimulating factor use when the risk of febrile neutropenia is 20%: it is clinically effective, but is it cost-effective? J Clin Oncol 2006; 24(19): 2975–9
Hershman D, McBride R, Jacobson JS, et al. Racial disparities in treatment and survival among women with early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23(27): 6639–46
Morrow T, Siegel M, Boone S, et al. Chemotherapy dose intensity determination as a quality of care measure for managed care organizations in the treatment of early-stage breast cancer. Am J Med Qual 2002; 17(6): 218–24
Colleoni M, Li S, Gelber RD, et al. Relation between chemotherapy dose, oestrogen receptor expression, and body-mass index. Lancet 2005; 366(9491): 1108–10
Bonadonna G, Moliterni A, Zambetti M, et al. 30 years’ follow up of randomised studies of adjuvant CMF in operable breast cancer: cohort study. BMJ 2005; 330(7485): 217. Epub 2005 Jan 13
Bonadonna G, Valagussa P, Moliterni A, et al. Adjuvant cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil in node-positive breast cancer: the results of 20 years of follow-up. N Engl J Med 1995; 332(14): 901–6
Bonadonna G, Valagussa P. Dose-response effect of adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1981; 304(1): 10–5
Lyman GH, Dale DC, Friedberg J, et al. Incidence and predictors of low chemotherapy dose-intensity in aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a nationwide study. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22(21): 4302–11
Curtis L, Netten A. Unit costs of health and social care. Canterbury: Personal Social Services Research Unit, 2005
Hackshaw A, Sweetenham J, Knight A. Are prophylactic haematopoietic growth factors of value in the management of patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma? Br J Cancer 2004; 90(7): 1302–5
Timmer-Bonte JN, Adang EM, Smit HJ, et al. Cost-effectiveness of adding granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to primary prophylaxis with antibiotics in patients with small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24(19): 2991–7
Lyman GH, Kuderer NM. The economics of the colony-stimulating factors in the prevention and treatment of febrile neutropenia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2004; 50(2): 129–46
Caggiano V, Weiss RV, Rickert TS, et al. Incidence, cost, and mortality of neutropenia hospitalization associated with chemotherapy. Cancer 2005; 103(9): 1916–24
Kuderer NM, Dale DC, Crawford J, et al. Mortality, morbidity, and cost associated with febrile neutropenia in adult cancer patients. Cancer 2006; 106(10): 2258–66
Leonard RC, Miles D, Thomas R, et al. Impact of neutropenia on delivering planned adjuvant chemotherapy: UK audit of primary breast cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2003; 89(11): 2062–8
Martin M, Pienkowski T, Mackey J, et al. Adjuvant docetaxel for node-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2005; 352(22): 2302–13
Hillner BE, Smith TJ, Desch CE. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of autologous bone marrow transplantation in metastatic breast cancer: estimates using decision analysis while awaiting clinical trial results. JAMA 1992; 267(15): 2055–61
Brown RE, Hutton J, Burrell A. Cost effectiveness of treatment options in advanced breast cancer in the UK. Pharmacoeconomics 2001; 19(11): 1091–102
Brown RE, Hutton J. Cost-utility model comparing docetaxel and paclitaxel in advanced breast cancer patients. Anticancer Drugs 1998; 9(10): 899–907
Armstrong K, Chen TM, Albert D, et al. Cost-effectiveness of raloxifene and hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: impact of breast cancer risk. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 98(6): 996–1003
Liljegren G, Karlsson G, Bergh J, et al. The cost-effectiveness of routine postoperative radiotherapy after sector resection and axillary dissection for breast cancer stage I: results from a randomized trial. Ann Oncol 1997; 8(8): 757–63
Lyman GH, Lyman CH, Agboola O. Risk models for predicting chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Oncologist 2005; 10(6): 427–37
Shayne M, Crawford J, Dale DC, et al. Predictors of reduced dose intensity in patients with early-stage breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 100(3): 255–62
Lyman GH, Crawford J, Dale D, et al. Clinical prediction models for febrile neutropenia (FN) and relative dose intensity (RDI) in patients receiving adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2001; 20: 394A
Lyman GH, Dale DC, Crawford J. Incidence and predictors of low dose-intensity in adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy: a nationwide study of community practices. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21(24): 4524–31
Cancer Research UK. CancerStats factsheet, breast cancer [online]. Available from URL: http://publications.cancerresearchuk.org/WebRoot/crukstoredb/CRUK_PDFs/CSFSBREAST.pdf [Accessed 2008 Mar 17]
Office for National Statistics UK. Long-term breast cancer survival, England and Wales, up to 2003 [online]. Available from URL: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9132&More=Y [Accessed 2008 Mar 17]
Office for National Statistics UK. Mortality statistics: review of the Register General on deaths by cause, sex and age, in England and Wales, 2004. Series DH2 no. 31 [online] Available from URL: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=618 [Accessed 2009 Aug 10]
Cosler LE, Sivasubramaniam V, Agboola O, et al. Effect of outpatient treatment of febrile neutropenia on the risk threshold for the use of CSF in patients with cancer treated with chemotherapy. Value Health 2005; 8(1): 47–52
Talcott JA, Siegel RD, Finberg R, et al. Risk assessment in cancer patients with fever and neutropenia: a prospective, two-center validation of a prediction rule. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10(2): 316–22
Klastersky J, Paesmans M, Georgala A, et al. Outpatient oral antibiotics for febrile neutropenic cancer patients using a score predictive for complications. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24(25): 4129–34
Chamilos G, Bamias A, Efstathiou E, et al. Outpatient treatment of low-risk neutropenic fever in cancer patients using oral moxifloxacin. Cancer 2005; 103(12): 2629–35
Uys A, Rapoport BL, Anderson R. Febrile neutropenia: a prospective study to validate the Multinational Association of Supportive Care of Cancer (MASCC) risk-index score. Support Care Cancer 2004; 12(8): 555–60
Girmenia C, Russo E, Carmosino I, et al. Early hospital discharge with oral antimicrobial therapy in patients with hematologic malignancies and low-risk febrile neutropenia. Ann Hematol 2007; 86(4): 263–70
Weinstein MC, Siegel JE, Gold MR, et al. Recommendations of the panel on cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. JAMA 1996; 276(15): 1253–8
Evans C, Tavakoli M, Crawford B. Use of quality adjusted life years and life years gained as benchmarks in economic evaluations: a critical appraisal. Health Care Manag Sci 2004; 7(1): 43–9
Center on the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health. The Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry [online]. Available from URL: http://www.tufts-nemc.org/cearegistry/ [Accessed 2007 Feb 23]
Szucs TD, Standaert B, Lu JZ. Analysis of cost difference between daily Neupogen® and once per cycle Neulasta® for prophylaxis against chemotherapy-induced neutropenia France and Germany [abstract and poster]. International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research, 6th Annual European Congress; 2003 Nov 9–11; Barcelona
Lyman G, Lalla A, Barron R, et al. Cost-effectiveness of pegfilgrastim versus 6-day filgrastim versus 6-day filgrastim primary prophylaxis in patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma receiving CHOP-21 in United States. Curr Med Res Opin 2009; 25(2): 401–41
Cosler LE, Calhoun EA, Agboola O, et al. Effects of indirect and additional direct costs on the risk threshold for prophylaxis with colony-stimulating factors in patients at risk for severe neutropenia from cancer chemotherapy. Pharmacotherapy 2004; 24(4): 488–94
Earle CC, Chapman RH, Baker CS, et al. Systematic overview of cost-utility assessments in oncology. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18(18): 3302–17
Neulasta® summary of product characteristics: EU [package insert]. Breda: Amgen Europe, 2009 Apr 17
Friedberg M, Saffran B, Stinson TJ, et al. Evaluation of conflict of interest in economic analyses of new drugs used in oncology. JAMA 1999; 282(15): 1453–7
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the following clinical experts for their input during the expert panel meetings: Dr Mario Di Palma (France); Dr Gunter von Minckwitz (Germany); Dr Jalid Sehouli (Germany); Dr Marco Danova (Italy); Dr Sergio Palmeri (Italy); Dr Jose Ignacio Mayordomo (Spain); Dr Antonio Lopez Pousa (Spain) and Dr Robert Leonard (UK). We would also like to thank Dr Robert W. Dubois, Chief Medical Officer of Cerner LifeSciences, for his clinical insights regarding the model and contributions to the manuscript, and Philip Booth, formerly with Amgen UK, for his assistance with data collection.
This study was funded by Amgen (Europe) GmbH. At the time of the research, Dr Liu was employed by Cerner LifeSciences, which provides consulting services to the pharmaceutical industry. Dr Doan was also employed by Cerner Life-Sciences at the time of this study. Dr Malin was an employee of Amgen Inc. at the time the research. Dr Leonard has provided consulting to Amgen, served on advisory boards for Amgen, and received honoraria and an educational grant from the company. He has also spoken at Amgen-sponsored meetings.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, Z., Doan, Q.V., Malin, J. et al. The economic value of primary prophylaxis using pegfilgrastim compared with filgrastim in patients with breast cancer in the UK. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 7, 193–205 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03256152
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03256152