Skip to main content

Zusammenfassung

Viele Indikationen geben zu einer Ultraschalluntersuchung in der Frühschwangerschaft Anlass. Ziel der Diagnostik ist primär Nachweis von Vitalität, Alter, korrekter Lage des Konzeptus und evtl. Mehrlinge inkl. Chorionizität und Amnionizität. Man soll auch beurteilen, ob die Schwangerschaft sich normal entwickelt. Die Voraussetzung dafür sind gute Kenntnisse der Embryologie und Sonoembryologie. Das vorliegende Kapitel über die Ultraschalldiagnostik in der Frühschwangerschaft beschreibt detailliert – Woche für Woche – die normale Entwicklung des menschlichen Embryonen im 2D- und 3D-Ultraschallbild. Neben diesen morphologischen Beschreibungen werden Messungen bestimmter embryonaler und extraembryonaler Strukturen präsentiert, die für die Bewertung der Frühschwangerschaft und eventueller Fehlentwicklungen wichtig sind. Verschiedenen Aspekte der gestörten Frühschwangerschaft werden besprochen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

  • Abdallah Y, Daemen A, Kirk E, Pexsters A, Naji O, Stalder C, Gould D, Ahmed S, Guha S, Syed S, Bottomley C, Timmerman D, Bourne T (2011a) Limitations of current definitions of miscarriage using mean gestational sac diameter and crown-rump length measurements: a multicenter observational study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol;38: 497–502

    Google Scholar 

  • Abdallah Y, Daemen A, Guha S, Syed S, Naji O, Pexsters A, Kirk E, Stalder C, Gould D, Ahmed S, Bottomley C, Timmerman D, Bourne T (2011b) Gestational sac and embryonic growth are not useful as criteria to define miscarriage: a multicenter observational study. Ultrasound Gynecol Obstet 38: 503–509

    Google Scholar 

  • Abramov Y, Nadjari M, Shushan A, Prus D, Anteby SO (1997) Doppler findings in chronic ectopic pregnancy: case report. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 9: 344–346

    Google Scholar 

  • Abramovich DR (1968) The volume of amniotic fluid in early pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Cwlth 75: 728–731

    Google Scholar 

  • Abramovich DR (1981) Interrelation of fetus and amniotic fluid. Obstet Gynecol Annu 10: 27–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Alves JA, Alves NG, Alencar Júnior CA, Feitosa FE, da Silva Costa F (2011) Term angular pregnancy: successful expectant management. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 37: 641–644

    Google Scholar 

  • ACOG (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists) (2015) Early pregnancy loss. Practice Bulletin No. 150. Obstet Gynecol;125: 1258–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Atrash HK, Friede A, Hogue CJ (1987) Abdominal pregnancy in the United States: frequency and maternal mortality. Obstet Gynecol 69: 333–337

    Google Scholar 

  • Atri M (2003) Ectopic pregnancy versus corpus luteum cyst; revisited best Doppler predictors. J Ultrasound Med 22: 1181–1184

    Google Scholar 

  • Aviram R, Kamar Shpan D, Markovitch O, Fishman A, Tepper R (2004) Three-dimensional first trimester fetal volumetry: comparison with crown rump length. Early Human Develoment 80: 1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayless RB (1987) Nontubal ectopic pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 30: 191–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck P, Silverman M, Oehninger S, Muasher SJ, Acosta AA, Rosenwaks Z (1990) Survival of the cornual pregnancy in a heterotopic gestation after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Fertil Steril 53: 732–734

    Google Scholar 

  • Benagiano G, Farris M, Grudzinskas G (2010) Fate of fertilized human oocytes. Reprod Biomed Online 21: 732–741

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg S, Torp H, Blaas H-GK (2000) Accuracy of in-vitro volume estimation of small structures using three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 26: 425–432

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaas H-GK (1999a) Editorial: The examination of the embryo and early fetus: how and by whom? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 14: 153–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaas H-GK (1999b) The embryonic examination. Ultrasound studies on the development of the human embryo [Thesis]. Trondheim: Norwegian University of Science and Technology

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaas H-GK (2014) Detection of structural abnormalities in the first trimester using ultrasound. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 28: 341–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaas H-GK, Eik-Nes SH, Kiserud T, Hellevik LR (1994) Early development of the forebrain and midbrain: a longitudinal ultrasound study from 7 to 12 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 4: 183–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaas H-GK, Eik-Nes SH, Kiserud T, Berg S, Angelsen B, Olstad B (1995a) Three-dimensional imaging of the brain cavities in human embryos. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 5: 228–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaas H-GK, Eik-Nes SH, Kiserud T, Hellevik LR (1995b) Early development of the abdominal wall, stomach and heart from 7 to 12 weeks of gestation: a longitudinal ultrasound study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 6: 240–249

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaas H-GK, Eik-Nes SH, Kiserud T, Hellevik LR (1995c) Early development of the hindbrain: a longitudinal ultrasound study from 7 to 12 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 5: 151–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaas H-GK, Eik-Nes SH (1996) Ultrasound assessment of early brain development. In: Jurkovic D, Jauniaux E (Hrsg) Ultrasound and early pregnancy. The Parthenon Publishing Group, New York , p 3–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaas H-GK, Eik-Nes SH, Bremnes JB (1998a) Embryonic growth. A longitudinal biometric ultrasound study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 12: 346–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaas H-GK, Eik-Nes SH, Berg S, Torp H (1998b) In-vivo three-dimensional ultrasound reconstructions of embryos and early fetuses. Lancet 352: 1182–1186

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaas H-GK, Taipale PJ, Torp H, Eik-Nes SH (2006) Three-dimensional ultrasound volume calculations of human embryos and young fetuses: A study on volumetry of compound structures and its reproducibility. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 27: 640–646

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaas H-GK, Eik-Nes SH (2008) Sonographic development of the normal foetal thorax and abdomen across gestation. Prenat Diagn 28: 568–580

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaas H-GK, Carrera JM (2009a) Chapter 4: Investigation of early pregnancy. European practice in gynaecology and obstetrics. In: Wladimiroff J, Eik-Nes SH (Hrsg) Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Elsevier, Edinburgh, p 57–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaas H-GK, Eik-Nes SH (2009b) Sonoembryology and early prenatal diagnosis of neural anomalies. Prenat Diagn 29: 312–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Blechschmidt E (1954) Rekonstruktionsverfahren mit Verwendung von Kunststoffen. Z Anat Entw Gesch 118: 170–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Blechschmidt E (1972) Die ersten drei Wochen nach der Befruchtung. Image Roche, Basel 47: 17–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Böhmer S, Bruhns T, Degenhardt F, Drews U, Schneider J (1993) Comparison of vaginal and abdominal ultrasound measurements with embryologic growth curves in early pregnancy. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 53: 792–799

    Google Scholar 

  • Brahmi D, Steenland MW, Renner RM, Gaffield ME, Curtis KM (2012) Pregnancy outcomes with an IUD in situ: a systematic review. Contraception 85: 131–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Bree RL, Marn CS (1990) Transvaginal sonography in the first trimester: embryology, anatomy, and hCG correlation. Semin Ultrasound CT MRI 11: 12–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Breen JL (1970) A 21 year survey of 654 ectopic pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 106: 1004–1019

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinkley JF, McCallum WD, Muramatsu SK, Liu DY (1982) Fetal weight estimation from ultrasonic three-dimensional head and trunk reconstructions: Evaluation in vitro. Am J Obstet Gynecol 144: 715–721

    Google Scholar 

  • Brocklehurst G (1969) The development of the human cerebrospinal fluid pathway with particular reference to the roof of the fourth ventricle. J Anat 105: 467–475

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown DL, Emerson DS, Shulman LP, Carson SA (1989) Sonographic diagnosis of omphalocele during 10th week of gestation. Am J Roentgenol 153: 825–826

    Google Scholar 

  • Cacciatore B, Stenman UH, Ylöstalo P (1989) Comparison of abdominal and vaginal sonography in suspected ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 73: 770–774

    Google Scholar 

  • Casikar I, Reid S, Condous G (2012) Ectopic pregnancy: Ultrasound diagnosis in modern management. Clin Obstet Gynecol 55: 402–409

    Google Scholar 

  • Daya S (1993) Accuracy of gestational age estimation by means of fetal crown–rump length measurements. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168: 903–908

    Google Scholar 

  • deVries PA, Saunders J (1962) of the ventricles and spiral outflow tract in the human heart. Contrib Embryol Carneg Inst Development 37: 87–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Deaton JL, Honoré GM, Huffman CS, Bauguess P (1997) Early transvaginal ultrasound following an accurately dated pregnancy: the importance of finding a yolk sac or fetal heart motion. Hum Reprod 12: 2820–2823

    Google Scholar 

  • Doubilet PM, Benson CB, Bourne T, Blaivas M, Barnhart KT, Benacerraf BR, et al. (2013) Diagnostic criteria for nonviablepregnancy early in the first trimester. Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Multispecialty Panel on Early First Trimester Diagnosis of Miscarriage and Exclusion of a Viable Intrauterine Pregnancy. N Engl J Med 369: 1443–1451

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubinsky TJ, Parvey HR, Maklad N (1997) Endometrial color flow/image-directed Doppler imaging: negative predictive value for excluding ectopic pregnancy. J Clin Ultrasound 25: 103–109

    Google Scholar 

  • DuBose TJ, Cunyus JA, Johnson LF (1990) Embryonic heart rate and age. J Diagn Med Sonogr 6: 151–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Efrat Z, Perri T, Ramati E, Tugendreich D, Meizner I (2006) Fetal gender assignment by first-trimester ultrasound. Ultrasound Gynecol Obstet 27: 619–621

    Google Scholar 

  • el-Gammal S (1987) ANAT3D: a computer program for stereo pictures of three dimensional reconstructions from histological serial slices. In: Elsner N, Creutzfeld O (Hrsg) New frontiers in brain research. Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Falcon O, Peralta C, Cavoretta P, Faiola S, Nicolaides K (2005) Fetal trunk and head volume measured by three-dimensional ultrasound at 11+0 to 13+6 weeks of gestation in chromosomally normal pregnancies Ultrasound. Obstet Gynecol 26: 263–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Filly RA (1987) Ectopic pregnancy: the role of sonography. Radiology Review 162: 661–668

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginsburg ES, Frates MC, Rein MS, Fox JH, Hornstein MD, Friedman AJ (1994) Early diagnosis and treatment of cervical pregnancy in an in vitro fertilization program. Fertil Steril 61: 966–969

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein I, Zimmer EA, Tamir A, Peretz BA, Paldi E (1991) Evaluation of normal gestational sac growth: Appearance of embryonic heartbeat and embryo body movements using the transvaginal technique. Obstet Gynecol 77: 885–888

    Google Scholar 

  • Grisolia G, Milano K, Pilu G, Banzi C, David C, Gabrielli S, Rizzo N, Morandi R, Bovicelli L (1993) Biometry of early pregnancy with transvaginal sonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 3: 403–411

    Google Scholar 

  • Hafner T, Aslam N, Ross JA, Zosmer N, Jurkovic D (1999) The effectiveness of non-surgical management of early interstitial pregnancy: a report of ten cases and review of the literature. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 13: 131–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Hata T, Dai SY, Kanenishi K, Tanaka H (2009) Three-dimensional volume-rendered imaging of embryonic brain vesicles using inversion mode. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 35: 258–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Hellman LM, Kobayashi M, Fillisti L, Lavenhar M, Cromb E (1969) The growth and development of the human fetus prior to the twentieth week of gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 103: 789–800

    Google Scholar 

  • Hertz RH, Timor-Tritsch I, Sokol RJ, Zador I (1977) Diagnostic studies and fetal assessment in advanced extrauterine pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 50 (1 Suppl): 62–65

    Google Scholar 

  • His W (1887) Über Methoden plastischer Rekonstruktion und über deren Bedeutung für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte. Anat Anz 2: 382–394

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogston P, Lilford RJ (1986) Ultrasound study of ovarian cysts in pregnancy: prevalence and significance. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 93: 625–628

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaffe R (2001) Development of early uteroplacental circulation. Early Pregnancy 5: 34–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Jauniaux E, Johns J, Burton GJ (2005) The role of ultrasound imaging in diagnosing and investigating early pregnancy failure. Ultrasound in Obstet Gynecol 25: 613–624

    Google Scholar 

  • Jirásek JE, Uher J, Uhrová M (1966) Water and nitrogen content of the body of young human embryos. Am J Obstet Gynecol 96: 868–871

    Google Scholar 

  • Jouppila P (1971) Ultrasound in the diagnosis of early pregnancy and its complications, A comparative study of the A-, B- and Doppler methods, Thesis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 50 (Suppl 15): 3–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Jurkovic D, Overton C, Bender-Atik R (2013) Diagnosis and management of first trimester miscarriage. BMJ 346: f3676

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiesselbach A (1952) Der physiologische Nabelbruch. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 34: 83–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim MS, Jeanty P, Turner C, Benoit B (2008) Three-dimensional sonographic evaluation of embryonic brain development. J Ultrasound Med 27: 119–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirk E, Bourne T (2009) Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy with ultrasound. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology 23 501–508

    Google Scholar 

  • Kratochwil A (1969) Ein neues vaginales Ultraschall-Schnittbildverfahren. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 29: 379–385

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau S, Tulandi T (1999) Conservative medical and surgical management of interstitial ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril Review 72: 207–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavie O, Boldes R, Neuman M, Rabinovitz R, Algur N, Beller U (1996) Ultrasonographic »endometrial three-layer« pattern: a unique finding in ectopic pregnancy. J Clin Ultrasound 24: 179–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim JE, Kim T, Lee NW, Oh MJ, Seol HJ, Jung NH, Park SH, Jung SE, Park IH, Kim HJ (2007) Ultrasonographic endometrial features in tubal pregnancy: are they predictive factors of successful medical treatment? Ultrasound Med Biol 33: 714–719

    Google Scholar 

  • Malinowski A, Bates SK (2006) Semantics and pitfalls in the diagnosis of cornual/interstitial pregnancy. Fertil Steril 86: 1764.e11–1764.e14

    Google Scholar 

  • Mall FP (1907) On measuring human embryos. Anat Rec 1: 129–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Mavrelos D, Sawyer E, Helmy S, Holland TK, Ben-Nagi J, Jurkovic D (2007) Ultrasound diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy in the non-communicating horn of a unicornuate uterus (cornual pregnancy). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 30: 765–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazza V, Contu G, Falcinelli C, Battafarano S, Cagnacci A, Vito G, Forabosco A, Volpe A (1999) Biometrical threshold of biparietal diameter for certain fetal sex assignment by ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 13: 308–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazza V, Di Monte I, Pati M, Contu G, Ottolenghi C, Forabosco A, Volpe A (2004) Sonographic biometrical range of external genitalia differentiation in the first trimester of pregnancy: analysis of 2593 cases. Prenat Diagn 24: 677–684

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy EA (2015) Diagnosing a miscarriage. When is it safe to make the call? BMJ 351: h4769

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonnell GV, Patterson VH, McKinstry S (1997) Cerebral venous thrombosis occurring during an ectopic pregnancy and complicated by intracranial hypertension. Br J Clin Pract 51: 194–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Muram D, Gillieson M, Walters JH (1980) Myomas of the uterus in pregnancy: Ultrasonographic follow-up. Am J Obstet Gynecol 138: 16–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Nardozza LM, Rolo LC, Araujo Júnior E, Nowak PM, Filho JB, Moron AF (2010) Comparison of gestational sac volume by 3D-sonography using planimetric, virtual organ computer-aided analysis and extended imaging virtual organ computer-aided analysis methods between 7 and 11 weeks of pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 89: 328–334

    Google Scholar 

  • NICE (2012) NICE clinical guideline 154. Ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage Diagnosis and initial management in early pregnancy of ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage. guidance.nice.org.uk/cg154

    Google Scholar 

  • Nybo Andersen AM, Wohlfahrt J, Christens P, Olsen J, Melbye M (2000) Maternal age and fetal loss: population based register linkage study. BMJ 320: 1708–1712

    Google Scholar 

  • Oh JS, Wright G, Coulam CB (2002) Gestational sac diameter in very early pregnancy as a predictor of fetal outcome. Ultrasound Gynecol Obstet 20: 267–269

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rahilly R, Müller F (1984) Embryonic length and cerebral landmarks in staged human embryos. Anat Rec 209: 265–271

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rahilly R, Müller F (1987) Developmental stages in human embryos. Carneg Instn Publ, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rahilly R, Müller F (1990) Ventricular system and choroid plexuses of the human brain during the embryonic period proper. Am J Anat 189: 285–302

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rahilly R, Müller F (1994) Human Embryology. New York, Wiley–Liss

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rahilly R, Müller F (2000) Prenatal ages and stages. Teratology 61: 382–384

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rahilly R, Müller F (2006) The embryonic human brain. An atlas of developmental stages. John Wiley

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rahilly R, Müller F (2010) Developmental stages in human embryos: Revised and new measurements. Cells Tissues Organs 192 (2): 73–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Paalman RJ, McElin TW (1959) Cervical pregnancy, review of the literature and presentation of cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 77: 1261–1270

    Google Scholar 

  • Papaioannou GI, Syngelaki A, Poon LC, Ross JA, Nicolaides KH (2010) Normal ranges of embryonic length, embryonic heart rate, gestational sac diameter and yolk sac diameter at 6–10 weeks. Fetal Diagn Ther 28: 207–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Pexsters A, Luts J, Van Schoubroeck D, Bottomley C, Van Calster B, Van Huffel S, Abdallah Y, D’Hooghe T, Lees C, Timmerman D, Bourne T (2011) Clinical implications of intra- and interobserver reproducibility of transvaginal sonographic measurement of gestational sac and crown–rump length at 6–9 weeks’ gestation. Ultrasound Gynecol Obstet 38: 510–515

    Google Scholar 

  • Pooh RK (2012) Neurosonoembryology by three-dimensional ultrasound. Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 17: 261–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Preisler J, Kopeika J, Ismail L, Vathanan V, Farren J, Abdallah Y, Battacharjee P, Van Holsbeke C, Bottomley C, Gould D, Johnson S, Stalder C, Van Calster B, Hamilton J, Timmerman D, Bourne T (2015) Defining safe criteria to diagnose miscarriage: prospective observational multicentre study. BMJ 351: h4579

    Google Scholar 

  • Quintana L, Sharpe J (2011) Optical projection tomography of vertebrate embryo development. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 116: 586–594 (Imaging in developmental biology, Sharpe and S, Wong, NY)

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine-Fenning N, Jayaprakasan K, Clewes J (2007) Automatic follicle tracking facilitates standardization and may improve work flow, Picture of the month. Ultrasound Gynecol Obstet 30: 1015–1018

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine-Fenning N, Jayaprakasan K, Clewes J, Joergner I, Bonaki SD, Chamberlain S, Devlin L, Priddle H, Johnson I (2008) SonoAVC: a novel method of automatic volume calculation. Ultrasound Gynecol Obstet 31: 691–696

    Google Scholar 

  • Raskin MM (1978) Diagnosis of cervical pregnancy by ultrasound: a case report. Am J Obstet Gynecol 130: 234–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Reece EA, Scioscia AL, Pinter E, Hobbins JC, Green J, Mahoney MJ, Naftolin F (1988) Prognostic significance of the human yolk sac assessed by ultrasonography. Am J Obstet Gynecol 159: 1191–1194

    Google Scholar 

  • Regan L, Rai R (2000) Epidemiology and the medical causes of miscarriage. Baillière’s Clin Obstet Gynecol 14: 839–854

    Google Scholar 

  • Rempen A (1988) The embryonal yolk sac in disordered early pregnancy. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 48: 804–808

    Google Scholar 

  • Rempen A (1991) Biometrie in der Frühgravidität (I, Trimenon). Frauenarzt 32: 425–430

    Google Scholar 

  • Rempen A, Chaoui R, Häusler M, Kagan K.-O, Kozlowski P, von Kaisenberg C, Wisser J (2016) Quality requirements for ultrasound examination in early pregnancy (DEGUM Level I) between 4+0 and 13+6 weeks of gestation- Ultraschall in Med 2016; 37: 579–583

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson HP (1973) Sonar measurement of fetal crown–rump length as means of assessing maturity in first trimester of pregnancy. Br Med J 4: 28–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson HP (1975) Gestation sac volumes as determined by sonar in the first trimester of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 82: 100–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson HP, Fleming JEE (1975) A critical evaluation of sonar crown-rump length measurements. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 82: 702–710

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson HP, Shaw-Dunn J (1973) Fetal heart rates as determined by sonar in early pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Cwlth 80: 805–809

    Google Scholar 

  • Rock J, Hertig A (1948) The human conceptus during the first two weeks of gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 55: 6–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Rousian M, Koning AHJ, Hop WC, van der Spek PJ, Exalto N, Steegers EAP (2011) Gestational sac fluid volume measurements in virtual reality. Ultrasound Gynecol Obstet 38: 524–529

    Google Scholar 

  • Rousian M, Hop WC, Koning AHJ, van der Speek PJ, Exalto N, Steegers EAP (2013) First trimester brain ventricle fluid and embryonic volumes measured by three-dimensional ultrasound with the use of I-Space virtual reality. Hum Reprod 28: 1181–1189

    Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer E, Jurkovic D (2007) Ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management of abnormal early pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 50: 31–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Shinagawa S, Nagayama M (1969) Cervical pregnancy as a possible sequela of induced abortion. Report of 19 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 105: 282–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiraishi N, Katayama A, Nakashima T, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Kose K, Takakuwa T (2015) Morphology and morphometry of the human brain: A three-dimensional analysis. NeuroImage 115: 96–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith BR, Huff DS, Johnson GA (1999) Magnetic resonance imaging of embryos: an Internet resource for the study of embryonic development. Comput Med Imaging Graph 23: 33–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer D, Steiner H, Graf A, Zajc M, Staudach A (1997) Conservative treatment of cervical pregnancy by curettage and local prostaglandin injection. Hum Reprod 12: 860–866

    Google Scholar 

  • Stabile I, Grudzinskas JG (1990) Ectopic pregnancy: a review of incidence, etiology and diagnostic aspects. Obstet Gynecol Surv 45: 335–347 (Review)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stampone C, Nicotra M, Muttinelli C, Cosmi EV (1996) Transvaginal sonography of the yolk sac in normal and abnormal pregnancy. J Clin Ultrasound 24: 3–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley JH, Horger EO 3rd, Fagan CJ, Andriole JG, Fleischer AC (1986) Sonographic findings in abdominal pregnancy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 147: 1043–1046

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner H, Gregg AR, Bogner G, Graf AH, Weiner CP, Staudach A (1994) First trimester three-dimensional ultrasound volumetry of the gestational sac. Arch Gynecol Obstet 255: 165–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Steptoe PC, Edwards RG (1976) Reimplantation of a human embryo with subsequent tubal pregnancy. Lancet 1: 880–882

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiller RJ, Haynes de Regt R, Blair E (1989) Transvaginal ultrasonography in patients at risk for ectopic pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 161: 930–913

    Google Scholar 

  • Stock RJ (1985) Histopathologic changes in tubal pregnancy. J Reprod Med 30: 923–928

    Google Scholar 

  • Streeter GL (1920) Weight, sitting height, head size, foot length, and menstrual age of the human embryo. Contr Embryol Carneg Instn 11: 143–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Streeter GL (1949) Developmental horizons in human embryos (fourth issue) A review of the histogenesis of cartilage and bone. Contr Embryol Carneg Inst 220: 150–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Sur S, Marsh A, Campbell B, Raine-Fenning N (2010) Re: Gestational sac volume: comparison between SonoAVC and VOCAL measurements at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 36: 648–649

    Google Scholar 

  • Sur SD, Clewes JS, Campbell BK, Raine-Fenning NJ (2011) Embryo volume measurement: an intraobserver, intermethod comparative study of semiautomated and manual three-dimensional ultrasound techniques. Ultrasound in Obstetrics 38: 516–523

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi H (1992) Transvaginal ultrasound in the first trimester of pregnancy. Early Hum Dev 29: 381–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi H, Arima M, Mizuno S (1964) Applications of ultrasound in obstetrical and gynecological diagnosis (3rd report) – an improvement of endovaginal ultrasound, 5th meeting of the Japan Society of Ultrasonics in Medicine, Tokyo: p 35

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanner JM (1981) Iatromathematics and the introduction of measurement: the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In: Tanner JM (Hrsg) A history of the study of human growth. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 66–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Timor-Tritsch IE, Farine D, Rosen MG (1988) A close look at the embryonic development with the high frequency transvaginal transducer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 159: 678–681

    Google Scholar 

  • Timor-Tritsch IE, Peisner DB, Raju S (1990) Sonoembryology: an organ-oriented approach using a high-frequency vaginal probe. J Clin Ultrasound 18: 286–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Timor-Tritsch IE, Monteagudo A, Santos R (2008) Three-dimensional inversion rendering in the first- and early second-trimester fetal brain: its use in holoprosencephaly. Ultrasound Gynecol Obstet 32: 744–750

    Google Scholar 

  • Turan C, Ugur M, Dogan M, Ekici E, Vicdan K, Gökmen O (1996) Transvaginal sonographic findings of chronic ectopic pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 67: 115–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Ushakov FB, Elchalal U, Aceman PJ, Schenker JG (1997) Cervical pregnancy: past and future. Obstet Gynecol Surv 52: 45–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Meerssche M, Verdonk P, Jacquemyn Y, Serreyn R, Gerris J (1995) Cervical pregnancy: three case reports and a review of the literature. Hum Reprod 10: 1850–1855

    Google Scholar 

  • Weckstein LN (1987) Clinical diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 30: 236–244

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2005) Maternal and perinatal death, Progress in Reproductive health research. 71. http: //www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/maternal_perinatal/epidemiology/en/

  • Zhang J, Thomas AG, Leybovich E (1997) Vaginal douching and adverse health effects: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 87: 1207–1211

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziel HK, Paulson RJ (2002) Contralateral corpus luteum in ectopic pregnancy: what does it tell us about ovum pickup? Fertil Steril 77: 850–851

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to H.-G. K. Blaas , G. Hasenöhrl or A. Staudach .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Blaas, HG.K., Hasenöhrl, G., Staudach, A. (2018). Embryologie und Frühschwangerschaft. In: Gembruch, U., Hecher, K., Steiner, H. (eds) Ultraschalldiagnostik in Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53662-9_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53662-9_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-53661-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-53662-9

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics