Abstract
Aspirin taken for several years at doses of at least 75 mg daily reduced long-term incidence and mortality due to colorectal cancer. The finding of aspirin benefit at low-doses given once daily, used for cardioprevention, locates the antiplatelet effect of aspirin at the center of its antitumor efficacy. In fact, at low-doses, aspirin acts mainly by an irreversible inactivation of platelet cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 in the presystemic circulation, which translates into a long-lasting inhibition of platelet function. Given the short half-life of aspirin in the human circulation(approximately 20 min) and the capacity of nucleated cells to resynthesize the acetylated COX-isozyme(s), it seems unlikely that a nucleated cell could be the target of aspirin chemoprevention. These findings convincingly suggest that colorectal cancer and atherothrombosis may share a common mechanism of disease, i.e. platelet activation in response to epithelial(in tumorigenesis) and endothelial(in tumorigenesis and atherothrombosis) injury. Activated platelets may also enhance the metastatic potential of cancer cells (through a direct interaction and/or the release of soluble mediators or exosomes) at least in part by inducing the overexpression of COX-2. COX-independent mechanisms of aspirin, such as the inhibition of NF-kB signaling and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and the acetylation of extra-COX proteins, have been suggested to play a role in its chemopreventive effects. However, their relevance remains to be demonstrated in vivo at clinical doses.
Keywords
- Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
- Chemopreventive Effect
- Irreversible Inactivation
- Serum TXB2
- Washed Human Platelet
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- 15R-HETE:
-
15R-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid
- 5-LOX:
-
5-lipoxygenase
- ADP:
-
Adenosine diphosphate
- apaf-1:
-
Apoptotic protease activating factor-1
- AA:
-
Arachidonic acid
- CRC:
-
Colorectal cancer
- COX:
-
Cyclooxygenase
- EGFR:
-
Epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK:
-
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FAP:
-
Familial adenomatous polyposis
- FGF:
-
Fibroblast growth factor
- IGF:
-
Insulin-like growth factor
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- LPS:
-
Bacterial endotoxin
- MPs:
-
Microparticles
- mPGES-1:
-
Microsomal PGE2 synthase-1
- NK:
-
Natural killer
- NSAID:
-
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
- NF-kB:
-
Nuclear factor kappa B
- PDGF:
-
Platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGF:
-
Platelet-derived growth factor
- PGI2 :
-
Prostacyclin
- PG:
-
Prostaglandin
- PKC:
-
Protein kinase C
- Ser:
-
Serine
- S1P:
-
Sphingosine-1-phosphate
- Lef:
-
T-cell factor (Tcf)/lymphoid enhancer factor
- TX:
-
Thromboxane
- TIMP:
-
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases
- TCIPA:
-
Tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation
- TXAS:
-
TXA2 synthase
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by research funding from the Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC) to Paola Patrignani. We would like to thank, for fruitful discussions and suggestions, Dr Carlo Patrono (Catholic University, Rome, Italy), Luis A Garcia Rodriguez (CEIFE, Madrid, Spain) and Angel Lanas (University of Zaragoza, Spain). We apologize to our colleagues for not being able to reference all primary work due to space limitations.
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Dovizio, M., Bruno, A., Tacconelli, S., Patrignani, P. (2013). Mode of Action of Aspirin as a Chemopreventive Agent. In: Chan, A., Detering, E. (eds) Prospects for Chemoprevention of Colorectal Neoplasia. Recent Results in Cancer Research, vol 191. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30331-9_3
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