Skip to main content

Creativity as a Product of Intelligence and Personality

  • Chapter
Book cover International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence

Part of the book series: Perspectives on Individual Differences ((PIDF))

Abstract

Creativity has always been a problem in the well-tended garden of cognitive ability, and though its empirical study has flourished, a recent handbook (Glover, Ronning, & Reynolds, 1989) has characterized it as “a large-scale example of a ‘degenerating’ research program” (p. xi). The reasons for such a disparaging estimate are not hard to find: Research in this area has been largely descriptive, full of anecdotal evidence, and without close links with the two disciplines of scientific psychology (Cronbach, 1957)—the experimental and the psychometric. Admittedly there have been many attempts to measure creativity along psychometric lines (Runco, 1991), but these have not been linked theoretically or experimentally with the large body of the psychological literature, and thus they have remained resolutely isolated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allport, F. H. (1934). The J-curve hypothesis of conforming behavior. Journal of Social Psychology, 5, 141–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allsop, J., Eysenck, H. J., and Eysenck, S. (1991). Machiavellianism as a component in psychoticism and extraversion. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 29–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreasen, N. C. (1987). Creativity and mental illness: Prevalence rates in writers and their first-degree relatives. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1288–1292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barron, F. (1968). Creativity and psychological health. New York: Van Nostrand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baruch, I., Hemsley, D. R., and Gray, J. (1988). Differential performance of acute and chronic schizophrenics in a latent inhibition task. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 170, 598–606.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beech, A. R., Baylis, G. C., Smithson, P., and Claridge, G. S. (1989). Individual differences in schizotypy as reflected in cognitive measures of inhibition. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 28, 117–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beech, A. R., and Claridge, G. S. (1987). Individual differences in cognitive priming: Relation with schizotypal personality traits. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 78, 349–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beech, A. R., McManus, D., Baylis, G. S., Tipper, S. P., and Agar, K. (1991). Individual differences in cognitive processes: Towards an explanation of schizophrenic symptomatology. British Journal of Psychology, 82, 417–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beech, A. R., Powell, T., McWilliam, J., and Claridge, G. (1989). Evidence of reduced cognitive inhibition in schizophrenia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 109–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beech, A. R., Powell, T., McWilliam, J., and Claridge, G. (1990). The effect of a small dose of chlorpromazine as a measure of cognitive inhibition. Personality and Individual Differences, 43x, 1141–1145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benassy, M., and Chauffard, C. (1947). Le test F de Cattell est-il un test objectif de temperament? L’Annee Psychologique, 43, 200–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bingham, M. T. (1953). Beyond psychology. In M. T. Bingham (Ed.), Homosapiens auduboniensis: A tribute to Walter van Dyke Bingham (pp. 5–29 ). New York: National Audubon Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braff, D. L., and Saccuzzo, D. P. (1982). Effects of antipsychotic medication on speed of information processing in schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1127–1130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullen, J. G., and Hemsley, D. R. (1986). Schizophrenia: A failure to control the content of consciousness. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26, 25–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, N. (1939). Deterioration and regression in schizophrenic thinking. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 34, 265–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, N. (1947). The psychology of behavior disorders. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, N., and Magaret, A. (1950). Experimental studies in thinking: I. Scattered speed in the response of normal subjects to incomplete sentences. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 39, 617–627.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, N., and Magaret, A. (1951). Behavior pathology. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, D. T. (1960). Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes. Psychological Review, 67, 380–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattell, R. B. (1971). Abilities: Their structure, growth, and action. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, J. (1956). Distractibility in the conceptual performance of schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 53, 286–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, L. J., and Chapman, J. P. (1980). Scales for rating psychotic and psychotic-like experiences as continua. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 6, 476–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, L. J., and Taylor, J. (1957). Breadth of deviate concepts used by schizophrenics. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 54,108–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronbach, L. J. (1957). The two disciplines of scientific psychology. American Psychologist, 12, 671–684.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crow, T. J. (1986). The continuum of psychosis and its implication for the structure of the gene. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 419–429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crow, T. J. (1990). The continuum of psychosis and its genetic origins. British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 788–797.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlstrom, W. G., Lachar, D., and Dahlstrom, L. (1986). MMPI patterns of American minorities. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dellas, M., and Gaier, E. L. (1970). Identification of creativity: The individual. Psychological Bulletin, 73, 55–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dentier, R. A., and Mackler, B. (1964). Originality: Some social and personal determinants. Behavioral Science, 9, 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dykes, M., and McGhie, A. (1976). A comparative study of attentional strategies of schizophrenic and highly normal subjects. British Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 509–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Easterbrook, J. A. (1959). The effect of emotion as cue utilization of behavior. Psychological Review, 66, 183–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, S. (1953). Overinclusive thinking in schizophrenics and a control group. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 17, 384–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J. (1952). The scientific study of personality. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J. (1953). Uses and abuses of psychology. London: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J. (1961). Psychosis, drive and inhibition: A theoretical and experimental account. American Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 198–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J. (1970). The structure of human personality. London: Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J. (1973). Personality, learning and “anxiety.” In H. J. Eysenck (Ed.), Handbook of abnormal psychology (2nd ed., pp. 390–419 ). London: Pitman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J. (1983). The roots of creativity: Cognitive ability or personality trait? Roeper Review, 5,10–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J. (1987). Personality and aging: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 3, 11–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J. (1991). Dimensions of personality: 16, 5 or 3-criteria for a taxonomic paradigm. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 773–790.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J. (1992a). The definition and measurement of psychoticism. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 757–785.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J. (1992b). Four ways five factors are not basic.Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 667–673. Eysenck, H. J. (1993). Creativity and personality: A theoretical perspective. Psychological Inquiry, 4, 147–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J., and Eysenck, M. W. (1989). Personality and individual differences: A natural science approach. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J., and Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. London: Hodder and Stoughton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J., and Eysenck, S. B. G. (1976). Psychoticism as a dimension of personality. London: Hodder and Stoughton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J., and Frith, L. D. (1977). Reminiscence, motivation and personality. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J., and Gudjonsson, G. (1988). The causes and cures of criminality. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farmer, E. W. (1974). Psychoticism and place-orientation as general personality characteristics of importance for different aspects of creative thinking. Unpublished thesis, University of Glasgow, Scotland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, P. W., and Sears, R. J. (1978). Model of conditioning incorporating the Rescorda-Wagner associated axiom, a dynamic attention process, and a catastrophe scale. Psychological Review, 85, 321–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, A. F., Webb, J. I., and Lewak, R. (1989). Psychological assessment with the MMPI. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frith, C. (1979). Consciousness, information processing and schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 225–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furneaux, W. D. (1960). Intellectual abilities and problem-solving behavior. In H. J. Eysenck (Ed.), Handbook of abnormal psychology (pp. 167–192 ). London: Pitman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gewirtz, J. L. (1948). Studies in word fluency. I. Its relation to vocabulary and mental age in young children. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 72, 165–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover, J. A., Ronning, R. R., and Reynolds, C. P. (Eds.). (1989). Handbook of creativity. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goetz, K. O., and Goetz, K. (1979a). Personality characteristics of professional artists. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 49, 327–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goetz, K. O., and Goetz, K. (1979b). Personality characteristics of successful artists. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 49, 919–924.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gooding, F., and Jamison, K. (1990). Manic depressive illness.New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gough, H. C. (1976). Studying creativity by means of Word Association Tests. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 348–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J. A. (1975). Elements of a two-process theory of learning. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J. A., Feldon, J., Rawlins, J. N. P., Hemsley, D. R., and Smith, A. D. (1991). The neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 14, 77–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, J. J., Mednick, S. I., Schulsinger, E, and Diderichsen, B. (1980). Verbal associative disturbances in children at high risk for schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 125–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guilford, J. P. (1950). Creativity. American Psychologist, 5, 444–454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves. H. L. (1927). The “faculty” of imagination. British Journal of Psychology,10(Monograph Suppl.), 74. Hebeison, A. A. (1960). The performance of groups of schizophrenic patients in a test of creative thinking. In E. P. Torrance (Ed.), Creativity: Third Minnesota Conference on Gifted Children. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heston, I. I. (1966). Psychiatric disorders in foster-home-reared children of schizophrenic mothers. British Journal of Psychiatry, 112, 819–825.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, C. (1943). Principles of behavior. New York: AppletonCentury-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huxley, J., Mayr, E., Hoffer, H., and Osmond, A. (1964). Schizophrenia as a genetic morphism. Nature, 204, 220–221. Karlsson, J. I. (1970). Genetic association of giftedness and creativity with schizophrenia. Heredity, 66, 171–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keele, S. W., and Neill, W. T. (1978). Mechanisms of attention. In E. C. Carberette (Ed.), Handbook of Perception (Vol. 9, pp. 3–47 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessel, N. (1989). Genius and mental disorder: A history of ideas concerning their conjunction. In P. Murray (Ed.), Genius: The history of ideas (pp. 196–212 ). Oxford, England: Basil Blackford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidner, D. W. (1978). Personality and conceptual structure: An integrative model. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, England

    Google Scholar 

  • Krechewsky, D. (1932). “Hypotheses” in rats. Psychological Review, 39, 516–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kris, E. (1952). Psychoanalytic exploration in art. New York: International University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubie, L. S. (1958). Neurotic distortions of the creative process. New York: Noon Lay.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange-Eichbaum, W. (1931). The problem of genius. London: Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lashley, K. S. (1929). Brain mechanisms and intelligence: A quantitative study of injuries to the brain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, D. N. (1949). Acquired distinctiveness of cues: I. Transfer between disorientations on the basis of familiarity with the stimulus. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 39, 770–784.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren, H. C., and Lindgren, E. (1965). Brainstorming and orneriness as facilitators of creativity. Psychological Reports, 16, 572–583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lombroso, C. (1901). The man of genius. (6th ed.). New York: Scribner’s.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovibond, S. N. (1954). The Object Sorting Test and conceptual thinking in schizophrenics. Australian Journal of Psychology, 6, 52–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubow, R. E. (1989). Latent inhibition and conditional attention theory. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubow, R. E., Ingberg-Sacks, Y., Zalstein-Orda, N., and Gewirtz, J. C. (1992). Latent inhibition in low and high “psychotic-prone” normal subjects. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 563–572.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubow, R. E., Weiner, I., Schlossberg, A., and Baruch, I. (1987). Latent inhibition and schizophrenia. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 25, 464–467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maclntosh, N. J. (1974). The psychology of animal learning. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macintosh, N. J. (1975). A theory of attention: Variations in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement. Psychological Revue, 82, 276–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maclntosh, N. J. (1983). Conditioning and associative learning. Oxford, England: University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, D. W. (1962). The nature and nurture of creative talent. American Psychologist, 17, 484–495.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, D. W. (1965). Personality and the realization of creative potential. American Psychologist, 20, 273–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, D. W. (1978). In search of human effectiveness. New York: Creative Education Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddi, S. R., and Andrews, S. (1966). The need for variety in fantasy and self-description. Journal of Personality, 34, 610–625.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, C. (1981). Cognition and consciousness. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, C. (1989). Personality, situation, and creativity. In J. A. Glover, R. R. Ronning, and C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of creativity. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, C., and Greenough, J. (1973). The differential effect of increased arousal on creative and intellectual performance. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 123, 329–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, C., and Hasenfus, N. (1978). EEG differences as a function of creativity, stage of the creative process, and effort to be original. Biological Psychology, 6, 157–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, C., and Hines, D. C. (1975). Creativity and cortical activation during creative, intellectual, and EEG feedback tasks. Biological Psychology, 3, 71–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marlow, A. C. (1976). Creativity in self-analyzing people. In A Rottenberg and C. R. Haussman (Eds.), The creative question (pp. 86–92 ). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McConaghy, N., and Clancy, M. (1968). Familial relationships of allusive thinking in university students and their parents. British Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 1079–1087.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeil, T. F. (1971). Prebirth and postbirth influence on the relationship between creative ability and recorded mental illness. Journal of Personality, 39, 391–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mednick, S. A. (1962). The associative basis of the creative process. Psychological Review, 69, 220–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, E. N., and Chapman, L. J. (1983). Continued word association in hypothetically psychosis-prone college students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92, 408–478.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohan, J. L., and Tiwana, M. (1987). Personality and alienation of creative writers: A brief report. Personality and Individual Differences, 8, 449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran, L. J. (1953). Vocabulary knowledge and usage among normal and schizophrenic subjects. Psychological Monograph, 67 (Whole No. 370).

    Google Scholar 

  • Neill, W. T. (1977). Inhibitory and facilitatory processes in selective attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3, 4.44–450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ochse, R. (1991). The relation between creative genius of psychopathology: An historical perspective and a new explanation. South African Journal of Psychology, 21, 45–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oltmans, T. E, Otayan, J., and Neale, J. M. (1978). The effects of antipsychotic medication and diagnostic criteria on distractibility in schizophrenics. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 14, 81–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne, R. W. (1960). Cognitive abnormalities. In H. J. Eysenck (Ed.), Handbook of abnormal psychology. London: Pitman. Payne, R. W., and

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewlett, J. H. G. (1960). Thought disorder in psychotic patients. In H. J. Eysenck (Ed.), Experiments in personality (pp. 3–104 ). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne, R. W., Matussek, P., and George, E. I. (1959). An experimental study of schizophrenic thought disorder. Journal of Mental Science, 105, 627–652.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, J. M., and Hall, G. (1980). A model of Pavlovian learning: Variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not of unconditioned stimuli. Psychological Review, 87, 532–552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Power, M. J. (1991). Cognitive science and behavioral psychotherapy: Where behaviour was, there shall co-operation be? Behavioral Psychotherapy, 19, 20–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prentky, R. A. (1980). Creativity and psychopathology. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapaport, D. (1945). Diagnostic clinical testing. Chicago: Year Book.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawlings, D. (1985). Psychoticism, creativity and dichotic shadowing. Personality and Individual Differences, 6, 737–742.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, R. L. (1981). Relationships between creativity and psychopathology: An evaluation and interpretation of the evidence. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 103, 261–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roe, A. (1953). A psychological study of eminent psychologists and anthropologists, and a comparison with biological and physical scientists. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 67(Whole No. 352).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person. Boston: Houghton and Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Runco, M. A. (1991). Divergent thinking. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Shaw, E. R., Mann, J. J., and Stokes, P. E. (1986). Effects of lithium carbonate in creativity in bipolar outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 1166–1169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simonton, D. K. (1984). Genius, creativity and leadership. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soueif, M. I., and Farag, S. E. (1971). Creative thinking aptitudes in schizophrenics: A factorial study. Scientific Aesthetics, 8, 51–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strelau, J., and Eysenck, H. J. (Eds.). (1987). Personality dimension and arousal. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tipper, S. R. (1985). Negative priming effect: Inhibitory priming by ignored objects. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 37A, 571–590.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treisman, A. (1964). Verbal cues, language and meaning in selective attention. American Journal of Psychology, 77, 205–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Upmanyu, V. V., and Kaur, K. (1986). Diagnostic utility of word association emotional indicator. Psychological Studies, 32, 71–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1934). Thought in schizophrenics. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 31, 1063–1077.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallach, M. A., and Kogan, N. (1965). Modes of thinking in young children: A study of the creativity and intelligence distinction. New York: Holt, Rhinehart, and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, P. B., McConaghy, N., and Catts, S. V. (1991). Word association and measures of psychosis-proneness in university students. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 473–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, G. (1975). Creativity and intelligence: A personality approach. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, G. D. (1990). Personality, time of day and arousal. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 153–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woody, E., and Claridge, G. (1977). Psychoticism and thinking. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 16, 241–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, M. (1991). Psychobiology of personality. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Eysenck, H.J. (1995). Creativity as a Product of Intelligence and Personality. In: Saklofske, D.H., Zeidner, M. (eds) International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence. Perspectives on Individual Differences. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5571-8_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5571-8_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3239-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-5571-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics