Lichen planus—the role of age and gender in clinical appearance and treatment

1.

Tziotzios C, Lee JYW, Brier T, Saito R, Hsu CK, Bhargava K, Stefanato CM, Fenton DA, McGrath JA. Lichen planus and lichenoid dermatoses: clinical overview and molecular basis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;79(5):789–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2018.02.010.CrossRefPubMed

2.

Gurudev S, Pise G, Manohar N, Sanagoudar V, Rao K, Patil M. Clinico-epidemiological study of papulosquamous disorders in childhood at a tertiary care hospital in South India. Indian J Paediatr Dermatol. 2023;24(2):121–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpd.ijpd_50_22.CrossRef

3.

Kumari SV, Arra S, Prasanna L, Babu CM. Clinical and epidemiological study of papulosquamous disorders in children attending dermatology OPD. Int J Acad Med Pharm. 2023;5(3):2351–60. https://doi.org/10.47009/jamp.2023.5.3.462.CrossRef

4.

Pandhi D, Singal A, Bhattacharya SN. Lichen planus in childhood: a series of 316 patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014;31(1):59–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.12155.CrossRefPubMed

5.

Zou H, Daveluy S. Lichen planus after COVID-19 infection and vaccination. Arch Dermatol Res. 2023;315(2):139–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-022-02497-y.CrossRefPubMed

6.

Kanwar AJ, De D. Lichen planus in childhood: report of 100 cases. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2010;35(3):257–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03613.x.CrossRefPubMed

7.

Handa S, Sahoo B. Childhood lichen planus: a study of 87 cases. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41(7):423–7. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2002.01522.x.CrossRefPubMed

8.

Narasimhan M, Ramakrishnan R, Varri DS, Sivasubramanian M. Lichen planus triggered by COVID-19 vaccination: a case series. J Family Med Prim Care. 2024;13(1):384–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_664_23.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

9.

Boch K, Langan EA, Kridin K, Zillikens D, Ludwig RJ, Bieber K. Lichen planus. Front Med. 2021;8:737813. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.737813.CrossRef

10.

Agha-Hosseini F, Moosavi MS, Bahrami H. A systematic review of interleukin-17 in oral lichen planus: from etiopathogenesis to treatment. Clin Med Res. 2023;21(4):201–15.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Flores-Hidalgo A, Phero J, Steward-Tharp S, Williamson M, Paquette D, Krishnan D, Padilla R. Immunophenotypic and gene expression analyses of the inflammatory microenvironment in high-grade oral epithelial dysplasia and oral lichen planus. Head Neck Pathol. 2024;18(1):17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-024-01624-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Pietschke K, Holstein J, Meier K, Schäfer I, Müller-Hermelink E, Gonzalez-Menendez I, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Ghoreschi FC, Solimani F, Ghoreschi K. The inflammation in cutaneous lichen planus is dominated by IFN‑ϒ and IL-21‑A basis for therapeutic JAK 1 inhibition. Exp Dermatol. 2021;30(2):262–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.14226.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Elmasry MF, Mosaad RA, Azzam OA, Rashed LA, Fahim A. Assessment of PD‑1 and PD-L1 tissue expression levels in lichen planus patients: a case-control study. Arch Dermatol Res. 2024;316(3):97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-024-02838-z.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

García-Pola M, Rodríguez-Fonseca L, Suárez-Fernández C, Sanjuán-Pardavila R, Seoane-Romero J, Rodríguez-López S. Bidirectional association between lichen planus and hepatitis C—an update systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2023;12(18):5777. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12185777.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Jain S, Basavaraj V. Direct immunofluorescence studies in lichen planus. Turk Patoloji Derg. 2019;35(3):193–7. https://doi.org/10.5146/tjpath.2018.01455.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Joshi A, Rathi SK, Manchanda Y. Childhood lichen planus. Indian J Paediatr Dermatol. 2021;22(4):306–15. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpd.ijpd_132_20.CrossRef

17.

Li C, Tang X, Zheng X, Ge S, Wen H, Lin X, Chen Z, Lu L. Global prevalence and incidence estimates of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2020;156(2):172–81. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.3797.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Leasure AC, Cohen JM. Prevalence of lichen planus in the United States: a cross-sectional study of the all of us research program. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022;87(3):686–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2021.12.013.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Hellgren L. The prevalence of lichen ruber planus in different geographical areas in Sweden. Acta Derm Venereol. 1970;50(5):374–80.PubMed

20.

González-Moles MÁ, Warnakulasuriya S, González-Ruiz I, González-Ruiz L, Ayén Á, Lenouvel D, Ruiz-Ávila I, Ramos-García P. Worldwide prevalence of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2021;27(4):813–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13323.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Laeijendecker R, Van Joost T, Tank B, Oranje AP, Neumann HA. Oral lichen planus in childhood. Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;22(4):299–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1470.2005.22403.x.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Shikha GS, Mahajan A, Ambika, Garg R, Ghosh S. Childhood oral lichen planus: a case series with review of literature. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2022;23(2):341–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40368-021-00690-7.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Spirito F, Dioguardi M, Caponio VC, Ambrosino M, Muzio LE, Muzio LL. Oral lichen planus in children: a systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2024;29(2):e152–e62. https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.25938.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

24.

Kumari SV, Arra S, Prasanna L, Babu CM. Clinical and epidemiological study of papulosquamous disorders in children attending dermatology OPD. Int J Acad Med Pharm. 2023;5(3):2351–60. https://doi.org/10.47009/jamp.2023.5.3.462.CrossRef

25.

Merhy R, Sarkis AS, Assaf J, Afiouni R, Zeinaty P, Kechichian E, Tomb R, Helou J. Pediatric lichen planus: a systematic review of 985 published cases. Int J Dermatol. 2021;61(4):416–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.15678.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Mohandesi NA, Berry NA, Tollefson MM, Lehman JS, Davis DMR. Pediatric lichen planus: a single-center retrospective review of 26 patients with follow up. Pediatr Dermatol. 2023;40(1):84–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.15170.12.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Manchanda Y, Rathi SK, Joshi A, Das S. Oral lichen planus: an updated review of etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, and management. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2023;15(1):8–23. https://doi.org/10.4103/idoj.idoj_652_22.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

Mathur M, Thakur N, Jaiswal S, Das G, Shah S, Maharjan S, Paudel S, Shrestha A, Upadhyay HP. Metabolic syndrome in patients with lichen planus: a case-control study. Skin Health Dis. 2023;4(1):e315. https://doi.org/10.1002/ski2.315.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

AlEid NM, Ilesanmi ON, Alshehri MA, Alhumidi AA, AlShihry H. Lichen planus of the eyelids: case report of a rare presentation of a common dermatosis. Cureus. 2024;16(3):e57299. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.57299.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

30.

Böer-Auer A, Lütgerath C. Lichen planus: fundamentals, clinical variants, histological features, and differential diagnosis. Hautarzt. 2020;71(12):1007–21.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Gupta MK, Lipner SR. Review of nail lichen planus: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Dermatol Clin. 2021;39(2):221–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2020.12.002.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Hamade Y, Arita K, Toyonaga E, Inokuma D, Hamasaka K, Shimizu H. Lichen planus in childhood showing various cutaneous features. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012;92(4):386–7. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1260.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Grover C, Kharghoria G, Baran R. Nail lichen planus: a review of clinical presentation, diagnosis and therapy. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2022;149(3):150–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annder.2022.01.010.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Kharghoria G, Grover C, Bhattacharya SN, Sharma S. Histopathological evaluation of nail lichen planus: a cross-sectional study. J Cutan Pathol. 2021;48(1):11–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/cup.13783.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Singal A. Unusual occurrence of nail lichen planus in a child and response to treatment. Dermatol Ther. 2022;35(4):e15319. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15319.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Hwang JK, Magro CM, Lipner SR. Bullous lichen planus of the nails: a case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Dermatol. 2023;15(1):133–41. https://doi.org/10.1159/000533386.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

37.

Takatu CM, Gabbi TVB, Nico MMS. Squamous cell carcinoma arising in ungual lichen planus: report and review. Skin Appendage Disord. 2021;7(1):54–7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511094.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Chiang CP, Yu-Fong CJ, Wang YP, Wu YH, Lu SY, Sun A. Oral lichen planus—differential diagnoses, serum autoantibodies, hematinic deficiencies, and management. J Formos Med Assoc. 2018;117(9):756–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2018.01.021.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Mahajan R, Raj D, De D, Handa S. Cross-sectional study shows an association between paediatric lichen planus and dyslipidemia. Indian J Dermatol. 2022;67(5):531–4. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijd.ijd_100_22.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

Kelner N, Vivas PA, Morelatto R, Alves F. Childhood lichen planus. Open J Stomatol. 2012;2:358–61.CrossRef

41.

Rodríguez-Fonseca L, Llorente-Pendás S, García-Pola M. Risk of prediabetes and diabetes in oral lichen planus: a case-control study according to current diagnostic criteria. Diagnostics. 2023;13(9):1586. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13091586.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

42.

Czerninski R, Awadieh Z, Feldman S, Keshet N, Zlotogorski A, Ramot Y. Familial oral lichen planus: a new risk group for oral cancer? Oral Dis. 2024;30(5):3018–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.14805.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Warnakulasuriya S, Kujan O, Aguirre-Urizar JM, Bagan JV, González-Moles MÁ, Kerr AR, Lodi G, Mello FW, Monteiro L, Ogden GR, Sloan P, Johnson NW. Oral potentially malignant disorders: a consensus report from an international seminar on nomenclature and classification, convened by the WHO collaborating centre for oral cancer. Oral Dis. 2021;27(8):1862–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13704.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Nosratzehi T. Oral lichen planus: an overview of potential risk factors, biomarkers and treatments. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2018;19(5):1161–7. https://doi.org/10.22034/APJCP.2018.19.5.1161.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

45.

Binnie R, Dobson ML, Chrystal A, Hijazi K. Oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions—challenges and pitfalls for the general dental practitioner. Br Dent J. 2024;236(4):285–92. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-024-7063-y.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

46.

Li CL, Ren XM, Fang X, Luo HY, Hua H. Clinical, histological and direct immunofluorescence features in oral mucosal patches striae diseases with malignant potential. J Dent Sci. 2023;18(3):1008–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2022.11.028.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Wollina U, Verma SB, Ali FM, Patil K. Oral submucous fibrosis: an update. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015;8:193–204. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S80576.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

48.

Quispel R, van Boxel OS, Schipper ME, Sigurdsson V, Canninga-van Dijk MR, Kerckhoffs A, Smout AJ, Samsom M, Schwartz MP. High prevalence of esophageal involvement in lichen planus: a study using magnification chromoendoscopy. Endoscopy. 2009;41(3):187–93. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1119590.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Guarner E, Mohamed F, Busquets D, Negro BF, Ortiz R, Oliveras B, Huertas C, López C. Lichen planus of the esophagus: a case report. Front Med. 2023;10:1233566. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1233566.CrossRef

50.

Saab-Chalhoub MW, Correa H, Anderson JL, Kovach AE, Salaria SN. Civatte bodies in pediatric esophageal biopsies: does lichen esophagitis pattern occur in children? Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2022;25(4):458–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/10935266221090081.CrossRefPubMed

51.

D’Souza SL, Ravikumar G, Antony M, Tirumale R. Vulvar lichenoid dermatoses with emphasis on the distinction between lichen sclerosus and lichen planus: a 10-year study. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2024;28(2):189–97. https://doi.org/10.1097/LGT.0000000000000789.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Pour Mohammad A, Noroozi E, Mesgarha MG, Shayanfar N, Goodarzi A. Interesting mucocutaneous manifestations in COVID-19 infection or vaccination confirmed by histopathology: a case series. Case Rep Dermatol. 2024;16(1):21–34. https://doi.org/10.1159/000535739.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

Leis M, Singh A, Li C, Ahluwalia R, Fleming P, Lynde CW. Risk of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma in lichen sclerosus and lichen planus: a systematic review. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2022;44(2):182–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2021.09.023.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Lyra J, Melo C, Figueiredo R, Polonia-Valente R, Falcão V, Beires J, Vieira-Baptista P. Erosive vulvar lichen planus and risk of vulvar neoplasia. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2021;25(1):71–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/LGT.0000000000000581.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Weyandt GH, Vetter-Kauczok CS, Becker JC, Bröcker EB, Hamm H. Successful dexamethasone pulse therapy for widespread erosive perianal lichen planus. Hautarzt. 2007;58(3):241–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-006-1188-6. 244–245.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Pelisse M, Leibowitch M, Sedel D, Hewitt J. A new vulvovaginogingival syndrome. Plurimucous erosive lichen planus. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1982;109(9):797–8.PubMed

57.

Sharma N, Malhotra SK, Kuthial M, Chahal KS. Vulvo-vaginal ano-gingival syndrome: another variant of mucosal lichen planus. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS. 2017;38(1):86–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7184.203432.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

58.

Chow MR, Gill N, Alzahrani F, Schuurmans SN, Dytoc MT. Vulvar lichen planus-induced vulvovaginal stenosis: a case report and review of the literature. Sage Open Med Case Rep. 2023; https://doi.org/10.1177/2050313X231164216. 2050313X231164216.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

59.

Ghosh A, Coondoo A. Lichen planus pigmentosus: the controversial consensus. Indian J Dermatol. 2016;61(5):482–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.190108.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

60.

Chaima K, Fatma H, Nadine K, Chahir K, Emna B, Khadija S, Mariem A, Sonia B, Abderrahman M, Tahya B, Hamida T. Lichen planus pigmentosus post COVID-19-vaccination: a case report with literature review. Dermatol Ther. 2022;35(12):e15891. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15891.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Mitchell K, Silverberg N. Systematic review of lichen planus pigmentosus in children. J Drugs Dermatol. 2022;21(8):850–3. https://doi.org/10.36849/JDD.6760.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Robles-Méndez JC, Rizo-Frías P, Herz-Ruelas ME, Pandya AG, Ocampo Candiani J. Lichen planus pigmentosus and its variants: review and update. Int J Dermatol. 2018;57(5):505–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.13806.CrossRefPubMed

63.

AlNodali N, Aleissa AI. A case of unilateral Blaschko-linear lichen planus pigmentosus in a seven-year-old female: a rare presentation. Cureus. 2023;15(7):e41354. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.41354.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

64.

Nurmohamed S, Hardin J, Haber RM. Lichen planus pigmentosus inversus in children: case report and updated review of the literature. Pediatr Derm. 2018;35(1):e49–e51. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.13369.CrossRef

65.

Knackstedt TJ, Collins LK, Li Z, Yan S, Samie FH. Squamous cell carcinoma arising in hypertrophic lichen planus: a review and analysis of 38 cases. Dermatol Surg. 2015;41(12):1411–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000000565.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Whittington CP, Saleh JS, Bresler SC, Patel RM. Hypertrophic lichen planus: an up-to-date review and differential diagnosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2024;148(6):659–65. https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2022-0515-RA.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Day T, Weigner J, Scurry J. Classic and hypertrophic vulvar lichen planus. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2018;22(4):387–95. https://doi.org/10.1097/LGT.0000000000000419.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

68.

Ameri AH, Foreman RK, Vedak P, Chen S, Miller DM, Demehri S. Hypertrophic lichen planus with histological features of squamous cell carcinoma associated with immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Oncologist. 2020;25(5):366–8. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0796.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

69.

Guillen-Climent S, Porcar SS, Monteagudo C, Quiles R. Hypertrophic lichen planus: importance of follow-up and clinicopathologic correlation. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2021;112(2):184–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ad.2019.04.020.CrossRefPubMed

70.

Lee JJ, Kim R, Lee MY, Byun JY, Choi YW, Choi HY. A case of linear hypertrophic lichen planus in a pediatric patient. Ann Dermatol. 2023;35(2):S256–S9. https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.21.300.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

71.

Sears S, Daftary K, Burch A, Todd P. A case of annular atrophic lichen planus in a child and review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol. 2021;38(5):1283–7.CrossRefPubMed

72.

Reich HL, Nguyen JT, James WD. Annular lichen planus: a case series of 20 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50(4):595–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2003.08.011.CrossRefPubMed

73.

Chawla S, Turner N, Terlizzo M, Heelan K. Annular atrophic lichen planus induced by anti-HER2 antibodies. Australas J Dermatol. 2021;62(2):210–2. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajd.13501.CrossRefPubMed

74.

Kelati A, Rimani M, Chiheb S. Dermoscopy of annular atrophic lichen planus on a dark phototype: a case series. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2023;13(1):e2023024. https://doi.org/10.5826/dpc.1301a24.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

75.

Santhosh P, George M. Annular atrophic lichen planus: a review of the literature. Int J Dermatol. 2022;61(10):1213–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.16038.CrossRefPubMed

76.

Valdés F, Centeno PG, Rodriguez L, Fernández-Redondo V, Toribio J. Annular follicular lichen planus. Cutis. 2002;69(3):208–9.PubMed

77.

Wollina U, Abdel-Naser MB. Differential diagnosis of annular skin lesions—a clinical review. Georgian Med News. 2020;299:115–20.

78.

Wollina U, Fölster-Holst R, Karadağ AS. Miscellaneous annular diseases. Clin Dermatol. 2023;41(3):413–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2023.07.010.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Singh AK, Khuraijam S, Devi GC, Kansal NK, Azad S, Agrawal S, Phulware RH. Porokeratotic variant of lichen planus. SKINmed. 2022;20(5):377–8.PubMed

80.

Gökşin Ş, Aksoy S, Duygulu Ş, Demirkan NÇ. Familial actinic lichen planus: three cases from the same family. Ann Dermatol. 2022;34(5):370–3. https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.20.153.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

81.

Yogianti F, Pradipta NK. Case of lichen planus with unusual features. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(7):e242466. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-24246.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

82.

Venturini M, Manganoni AM, Zanca A, Bassissi S, Pavoni L, Gonzales S, Cesinaro A, Calzavara-Pinton P. Pigmented actinic lichen planus (PALP) mimicking lentigo maligna melanoma: usefulness of in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy in diagnosis and follow-up. JAAD Case Rep. 2018;4(6):568–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdcr.2018.02.008.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

83.

Liakopoulou A, Rallis E. Bullous lichen planus—a review. J Dermatol Case Rep. 2017;11(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.3315/jdcr.2017.1239.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

84.

Papara C, Danescu S, Sitaru C, Baican A. Challenges and pitfalls between lichen planus pemphigoides and bullous lichen planus. Australas J Dermatol. 2022;63(2):165–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajd.13808.CrossRefPubMed

85.

Hwang JK, Magro CM, Lipner SR. Bullous lichen planus of the nails: a case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Dermatol. 2023;15(1):133–41. https://doi.org/10.1159/000533386.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

86.

Hübner F, Langan EA, Recke A. Lichen planus pemphigoides: from lichenoid inflammation to autoantibody-mediated blistering. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1389. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01389.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

87.

Lim SH, Koh SB, Lee WS, Lee S. Rapidly increasing incidence and prevalence of lichen planopilaris in an Asian population: a Korean nationwide population-based study. J Dermatol. 2022;49(12):1351–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.16498.CrossRefPubMed

88.

Baibergenova A, Donovan J. Lichen planopilaris: update on pathogenesis and treatment. SKINmed. 2023;11(3):161–5.

89.

Alkhayal FA, Alsudairy F, Al Mubarak L, Almohanna HM. Graham-little Piccardi Lassueur syndrome and review of the literature. Clin Case Rep. 2021;9(9):e4761. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.4761.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

90.

Basu A, Basu D, Chattopadhyay A, Sanyal R, Rahman M, Goswami RP. Pediatric case of Graham Little Piccardi Lassueur syndrome—a rare entity. Drug Discov Ther. 2019;13(5):294–6. https://doi.org/10.5582/ddt.2019.01055.CrossRefPubMed

91.

Soares VC, Mulinari-Brenner F, Souza TE. Lichen planopilaris epidemiology: a retrospective study of 80 cases. An Bras Dermatol. 2015;90(5):666–70. https://doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153923.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

92.

Svigos K, Yin L, Fried L, Sicco LK, Shapiro J. A practical approach to the diagnosis and management of classic lichen planopilaris. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2021;22(5):681–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-021-00630-7.CrossRefPubMed

93.

Lim SH, Kang H, Heo YW, Lee WS, Lee S. Prevalence and incidence of comorbid diseases and mortality risk associated with lichen planopilaris: a Korean nationwide population-based study. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2023;48(11):1230–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ced/llad235.CrossRefPubMed

94.

Rudnicka L, Rokni GR, Lotti T, Wollina U, Fölster-Holst R, Katsambas A, Goren A, Di Lernia VG, Rathod D, Mirabi A, Ghaffari A, Rajan A, Goldust M. Allergic contact dermatitis in patients with frontal fibrosing alopecia: an international multi-center study. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(4):e13560. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13560.CrossRefPubMed

95.

Kępińska K, Jałowska M, Bowszyc-Dmochowska M. Frontal fibrosing alopecia—a review and a practical guide for clinicians. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2022;29(2):169–84. https://doi.org/10.26444/aaem/141324.CrossRefPubMed

96.

Mesonero PR, Pinto Pulido EL, Gómez Zubiaur A, Vélez Velázquez D, Vega Díez D, Rodríguez-Villa Lario A, González-Cañete M, García Verdú E, Pelayo Vergara P, Trasobares Marugán L. Occipital involvement in classic frontal fibrosing alopecia: clinical and trichoscopic cross-sectional study in 17 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023;89(4):815–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2023.05.064.CrossRef

97.

Atarguine H, Hocar O, Hamdaoui A, Akhdari N, Amal S. Alopécie frontale fibrosante: à propos de trois cas pédiatriques. Arch Pediatr. 2016;23(8):832–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2016.05.006. Frontal fibrosing alopecia: Report on three pediatric cases.CrossRefPubMed

98.

Ruiz-Lozano RE, Hernández-Camarena JC, Valdez-Garcia JE, Roman-Zamudio M, Herrera-Rodriguez MI, Andrade-Carrillo D, Garza-Garza LA, Cardenas-de la Garza JA. Ocular involvement and complications of lichen planus, lichen planus pigmentosus, and lichen planopilaris: a comprehensive review. Dermatol Ther. 2021;34(6):e15137. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15137.CrossRefPubMed

99.

Igras E, Kennedy S, MacDermott EJ, Murphy CC. Isolated ocular lichen planus in a child. J AAPOS. 2015;19(4):381–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2015.03.019.CrossRefPubMed

100.

Bevans SL, Theos AJ, Fowler PG, Pavlidakey PG, Stoll M, Sami N. Pediatric ocular lichen planus and lichen planopilaris: one new case and a review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol. 2018;35(6):859–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.13606.CrossRefPubMed

101.

Ozlu E, Teberik K. Evaluation of ocular findings in patients with lichen planus. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2019;36(3):267–71. https://doi.org/10.5114/ada.2018.74464.CrossRefPubMed

102.

Romero W, Giesen L, Navajas-Galimany L, Gonzalez S. Erosive lichen planus: a therapeutic challenge. An Bras Dermatol. 2016;91(1):84–6. https://doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164046.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

103.

Sisodia P, Tripathi S, Verma P, Singhai A. Plantar lichen planus: an atypical presentation at a young age. Cureus. 2021;13(9):e17851. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.17851.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

104.

Musick AN, Kim DY, Baumrucker SJ. Post-radiation lichen planus: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep. 2024;18(1):195. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-024-04389-3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

105.

Kluger N. Radiation-associated lichen planus: a case report and literature review. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat. 2017;26(4):105–8. https://doi.org/10.15570/actaapa.2017.30.CrossRefPubMed

106.

Nnoruka EN. Lichen planus in African children: a study of 13 patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007;24(5):495–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1470.2007.00501.x.CrossRefPubMed

107.

Zhang X, Lei L, Jiang L, Fu C, Huang J, Hu Y, Zhu L, Zhang F, Chen J, Zeng Q. Characteristics and pathogenesis of Koebner phenomenon. Exp Dermatol. 2023;32(4):310–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.14709.CrossRefPubMed

108.

Daulatabad D, Pandhi D, Bhattacharya SN, Deuri D, Singal A, Malhotra RK. Insight into pediatric-versus adult-onset lichen planus: a retrospective analytical study from northern India. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2021;88(1):112–4. https://doi.org/10.25259/IJDVL_1_2021.CrossRefPubMed

109.

Schruf E, Biermann MH, Jacob J, Häckl D, Reinhardt M, Hertl M, Wohlrab J. Lichen planus in Germany—epidemiology, treatment, and comorbidity. A retrospective claims data analysis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2022;20(8):1101–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.14808.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

110.

Anttonen V, Pöykkö E, Kiviniemi E, Jokelainen J, Huilaja L, Sinikumpu SP. Characteristics, comorbidities, and treatment practices of lichen planus in Northern Finland: a register-based study among 619 subjects. Health Sci Rep. 2023;6(6):e1327. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.1327.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

111.

Luis-Montoya P, Domínguez-Soto L, Vega-Memije E. Lichen planus in 24 children with review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;22(4):295–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1470.2005.22402.x.CrossRefPubMed

112.

Rodríguez-Fonseca L, Llorente-Pendás S, García-Pola M. Risk of prediabetes and diabetes in oral lichen planus: a case-control study according to current diagnostic criteria. Diagnostics. 2023;13(9):1586. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13091586.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

113.

Daye M, Temiz SA, Isık B. The relationship between lichen planus and metabolic syndrome. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021;20(8):2635–9, https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13905. CrossRefPubMed

114.

Singla R, Ashwini PK, Jayadev B. lichen planus and metabolic syndrome: is there a relation? Indian Dermatol Online J. 2019;10(5):555–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_499_18.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

115.

Mohamed RK, Elsayed NM, Mahmoud SA, Gaweesh YY. Photobiomodulation versus corticosteroid in the management of erosive oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):246. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-024-03976-6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

116.

Vinay K, Kumar S, Dev A, Cazzaniga S, Borradori L, Thakur V, Dogra S. Oral acitretin plus topical triamcinolone vs topical triamcinolone monotherapy in patients with symptomatic oral lichen planus: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2024;160(1):80–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2023.4889.CrossRefPubMed

117.

Kumar SL, Naik Z, Panwar AMS, Keluskar V, Kumar RS. Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of Nigella sativa (75 % v/v) cream and clobetasol propionate (0.05 % w/w) gel in oral lichen planus—a double-blinded randomized control trial. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2024;28(1):225–34.CrossRefPubMed

118.

Murugan AJ, Ganesan A, Aniyan YK, Lakshmi KC, Asokan K. Comparison of topical purslane & topical 0.1 % triamcinolone acetonide in the management of oral lichen planus—a double blinded clinical trial. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23(1):678. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03385-1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

119.

Abdelsamie M, Zahran F, Hussine AA, Shaker O, Al-Mahallawi AM. Clinical and biochemical assessment of the effect of topical use of coenzyme Q10 versus topical corticosteroid in management of symptomatic oral lichen planus: randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23(1):506. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03206-5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

120.

Zeng Q, Liu Y, Wang S, Wang H, Yu S, Wu F, Yang J, Zhou H. Significant efficacy of short-course, low-concentration betamethasone mouthwash therapy for severe erosive oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27(8):4323–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-023-05051-w.CrossRefPubMed

121.

Ibrahim SS, Ragy NI, Nagy NA, El-Kammar H, Elbakry AM, Ezzatt OM. Evaluation of muco-adhesive tacrolimus patch on caspase‑3 induced apoptosis in oral lichen planus: a randomized clinical trial. Bmc Oral Health. 2023;23(1):99. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-02803-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

122.

Al-Hallak N, Hamadah O, Mouhamad M, Kujan O. Efficacy of injectable platelet-rich fibrin in the treatment of symptomatic oral lichen planus. Oral Dis. 2023;29(5):2256–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.14261.CrossRefPubMed

123.

Polizzi A, Santonocito S, Giudice LA, Alibrandi A, De Pasquale R, Isola G. Analysis of the response to two pharmacological protocols in patients with oral lichen planus: a randomized clinical trial. Oral Dis. 2023;29(2):755–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13960.CrossRefPubMed

124.

Kakoei S, Karbasi N, Raeiszadeh M, Tajadini H, Nekouei AH. The efficacy of henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) mouthwash versus chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2 % mouthwash as adjuvant therapy of oral lichen planus: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022;290:115037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2022.115037.CrossRefPubMed

125.

Zhao W, Lin D, Deng S, Wang S, Guo Y, Yang J, Shi X, Zhou H. Synergistic efficacy of plaque control with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injection on erosive non-gingival oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21):13787. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113787.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

126.

Chaitanya NC, Chikte D, Kumar YP, Komali G, Yellarthi SP, Reddy CS, Harika DP, Haritha S, Taie WAA, Hatab NA, Patil S, Panta P. Efficacy of spirulina 500 mg vs triamcinolone acetonide 0.1 % for the treatment of oral lichen planus: a randomized clinical trial. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2022;23(5):552–7.CrossRefPubMed

127.

Mamadapur R, Naik Z, Kumar SL, Bagewadi A. Comparative efficacy of topical coconut cream and clobetasol propionate ointment for the management of oral lichen planus: a double-blinded randomized control trial: a double-blinded randomized control trial. Indian J Pharmacol. 2022;54(2):84–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijp.ijp_984_20.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

128.

Hijazi A, Ahmed W, Gaafar S. Efficacy of intralesional injections of platelet-rich plasma in patients with oral lichen planus: a pilot randomized clinical trial. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2022;8(3):707–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/cre2.550.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

129.

Brennan MT, Madsen LS, Saunders DP, Napenas JJ, McCreary C, Riordain NR, Pedersen AML, Fedele S, Cook RJ, Abdelsayed R, Llopiz MT, Sankar V, Ryan K, Culton DA, Akhlef Y, Castillo F, Fernandez I, Jurge S, Kerr AR, McDuffie C, McGaw T, Mighell A, Sollecito TP, Schlieve T, Carrozzo M, Papas A, Bengtsson T, Al-Hashimi I, Burke L, Burkhart NW, Culshaw S, Desai B, Hansen J, Jensen P, Menné T, Patel PB, Thornhill M, Treister N, Ruzicka T. Efficacy and safety of a novel mucoadhesive clobetasol patch for treatment of erosive oral lichen planus: a phase 2 randomized clinical trial. J Oral Pathol Med. 2022;51(1):86–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/jop.13270.CrossRefPubMed

130.

Bhatt G, Gupta S, Ghosh S. Comparative efficacy of topical aloe vera and low-level laser therapy in the management of oral lichen planus: a randomized clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci. 2022;37(3):2063–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-021-03480-1.CrossRefPubMed

131.

Leong XY, Gopinath D, Syeed SM, Veettil SK, Shetty NY, Menon RK. Comparative efficacy and safety of interventions for the treatment of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2023;12(8):2763. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082763.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

132.

Ezzatt OM, Helmy IM. Topical pimecrolimus versus betamethasone for oral lichen planus: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2019;23(2):947–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-018-2519-6.CrossRefPubMed

133.

Hettiarachchi PVKS, Hettiarachchi RM, Jayasinghe RD, Sitheeque M. Comparison of topical tacrolimus and clobetasol in the management of symptomatic oral lichen planus: a double-blinded, randomized clinical trial in sri Lanka. J Investig Clin Dent. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1111/jicd.12237.CrossRefPubMed

134.

Georgaki M, Piperi E, Theofilou VI, Pettas E, Stoufi E, Nikitakis NG. A randomized clinical trial of topical dexamethasone vs. cyclosporine treatment for oral lichen planus. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2022;27(2):e113–e24. https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.25040.CrossRefPubMed

135.

Gamal Alsakaan NA, Abd-Elsalam S, Fawzy MM, Elwan NM. Efficacy and safety of oral methotrexate versus oral mini pulse betamethasone therapy in the treatment of lichen planus: a comparative study. J Dermatolog Treat. 2022;33(7):3039–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2022.2104446.CrossRefPubMed

136.

Lajevardi V, Ghiasi M, Balighi K, Daneshpazhooh M, Azar PM, Kianfar N, Dasdar S, Peymanfar AA. Efficacy and safety of oral pioglitazone in the management of lichen planopilaris in comparison with clobetasol: a randomized clinical trial. Dermatol Ther. 2022;35(11):e15868. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15868.CrossRefPubMed

137.

Ahmadi Kahjoogh H, Yazdanian N, Behrangi E, Roohaninasab M, Hejazi P, Goodarzi A. Efficacy, safety, tolerability, and satisfaction of N‑acetylcysteine and pentoxifylline in lichen planopilaris patients under treatment with topical clobetasol: A triple arm blinded randomized controlled trial. Dermatol Ther. 2022;35(8):e15639. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15639.CrossRefPubMed

138.

Saber M, Bahraminejad M, Fatemi Naeini F, Mohaghegh F, Faghihi G, Hosseini SM. Comparison of systemic and topical isotretinoin in the treatment of facial lichen planopilaris: a randomized controlled trial. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022;21(9):3896–904. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14730.CrossRefPubMed

139.

Saglam E, Ozsagir ZB, Unver T, Alinca SB, Toprak A, Tunali M. Efficacy of injectable platelet-rich fibrin in the erosive oral lichen planus: a split-mouth, randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Appl Oral Sci. 2021;29:e20210180. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7757-2021-0180.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

140.

Agha-Hosseini F, Atyabi F, Akbari K, Moosavi MS. Decreased recurrence of symptoms in oral lichen planus with intralesional injection of hyaluronic acid and triamcinolone. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021;50(12):1643–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2021.02.028.CrossRefPubMed

141.

Tarasenko S, Stepanov M, Morozova E, Unkovskiy A. High-level laser therapy versus scalpel surgery in the treatment of oral lichen planus: a randomized control trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2021;25(10):5649–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-03867-y.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

142.

Ferri EP, Cunha KRL, Abboud CS, de Barros GC, de Sousa Sobral S, de da Fatima Teixeira SD, Horliana ACRT, Franco AL, Rodrigues MFSD. Photobiomodulation is effective in oral lichen planus: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Oral Dis. 2021;27(5):1205–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13662.CrossRefPubMed

143.

Kia SJ, Basirat M, Mortezaie T, Moosavi MS. Comparison of oral Nano-Curcumin with oral prednisolone on oral lichen planus: a randomized double-blinded clinical trial. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1):328. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-03128-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

144.

Veneri F, Bardellini E, Amadori F, Conti G, Majorana A. Efficacy of ozonized water for the treatment of erosive oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2020;25(5):e675–e82. https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.23693.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

145.

Samiee N, Taghavi Zenuz A, Mehdipour M, Shokri J. Treatment of oral lichen planus with mucoadhesive mycophenolate mofetil patch: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2020;6(5):506–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/cre2.302.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

146.

Li Y, Shao F, Zheng S, Tan Z, He Y. Alteration of Streptococcus salivarius in buccal mucosa of oral lichen planus and controlled clinical trial in OLP treatment. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2020;12(4):1340–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-020-09664-5.CrossRefPubMed

147.

Villa A, Sankar V, Bassani G, Johnson LB, Sroussi H. Dexamethasone solution and dexamethasone in Mucolox for the treatment of oral lichen planus: a preliminary study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2020;129(6):585–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2020.02.014.CrossRefPubMed

148.

Samimi M, Le Gouge A, Boralevi F, Passeron T, Pascal F, Bernard P, Agbo-Godeau S, Leducq S, Fricain JC, Vaillant L, Francès C. Topical rapamycin versus betamethasone dipropionate ointment for treating oral erosive lichen planus: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(10):2384–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16324.CrossRefPubMed

149.

Sepaskhah M, Hemmatian Boroujeni N, Javaheri M, Bagheri Z. Comparison of therapeutic efficacy of topical treatment with phenytoin and fluocinolone on cutaneous lichen planus: a randomized, double-blind trial. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(4):e13578. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13578.CrossRefPubMed

150.

Pedraça ES, da Silva EL, de Lima TB, Rados PV, Visioli F. Systemic non-steroidal immunomodulators for oral lichen planus treatment—a scoping review. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27(12):7091–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-023-05357-9.CrossRefPubMed

151.

Fatemi Naeini F, Mohaghegh F, Jelvan M, Asilian A, Saber M. Cyclosporine or methotrexate, which one is more promising in the treatment of lichen planopilaris?; A comparative clinical trial. Int Immunopharmacol. 2202;86:106765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106765.

152.

Wollina U, Lotti T, Vojvotic A, Nowak A. Dermatoporosis—the chronic cutaneous fragility syndrome. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019;7(18):3046–9. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.766.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

153.

Popa C, Sciuca AM, Onofrei BA, Toader S, Condurache Hritcu OM, Boțoc Colac C, Porumb Andrese E, Brănișteanu DE, Toader MP. Integrative approaches for the diagnosis and management of erosive oral lichen planus. Diagnostics. 2024;14(7):692. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14070692.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

154.

Vohra S, Singal A, Sharma SB. Clinical and serological efficacy of topical calcineurin inhibitors in oral lichen planus: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55(1):101–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12887.CrossRefPubMed

155.

Kemeriz F, Acar EM, Ordu M, Kilitçi A. Lichen planus actinicus treated successfully with topical tacrolimus 0.1 %: a report of six cases. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(6):e13882. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13882.CrossRefPubMed

156.

Yoke PC, Tin GB, Kim MJ, Rajaseharan A, Ahmed S, Thongprasom K, Chaimusik M, Suresh S, Machin D, Bee WH, Seldrup J, Asian Lichen Planus Study Group.. A randomized controlled trial to compare steroid with cyclosporine for the topical treatment of oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;102(1):47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.09.006.CrossRefPubMed

157.

Ioannides D, Vakirlis E, Kemeny L, Marinovic B, Massone C, Murphy R, Nast A, Ronnevig J, Ruzicka T, Cooper SM, Trüeb RM, Pujol Vallverdú RM, Wolf R, Neumann M. European S1 guidelines on the management of lichen planus: a cooperation of the European dermatology forum with the European academy of dermatology and Venereology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(7):1403–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16464.CrossRefPubMed

158.

Reddy RL, Reddy RS, Ramesh T, Singh TR, Swapna LA, Laxmi NV. Randomized trial of aloe vera gel vs triamcinolone acetonide ointment in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Quintessence Int. 2012;43(9):793–800.PubMed

159.

Salazar-Sánchez N, López-Jornet P, Camacho-Alonso F, Sánchez-Siles M. Efficacy of topical Aloe vera in patients with oral lichen planus: a randomized double-blind study. J Oral Pathol Med. 2010;39(10):735–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00947.x.CrossRefPubMed

160.

Rajar UD, Majeed R, Parveen N, Sheikh I, Sushel C. Efficacy of aloe vera gel in the treatment of vulval lichen planus. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2008;18(10):612–4. https://doi.org/10.2008/JCPSP.612614.CrossRefPubMed

161.

Choonhakarn C, Busaracome P, Sripanidkulchai B, Sarakarn P. The efficacy of aloe vera gel in the treatment of oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158(3):573–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08370.x.CrossRefPubMed

162.

Iorizzo M, Di Chiacchio GN, Di Chiacchio N, Grover C, Lipner SR, Richert B, Piraccini BM, Starace M, Tosti A. Intralesional steroid injections for inflammatory nail dystrophies in the pediatric population. Pediatr Dermatol. 2023;40(4):759–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.15295.CrossRefPubMed

163.

Kunz M, Urosevic-Maiwald M, Goldinger SM, Frauchiger AL, Dreier J, Belloni B, Mangana J, Jenni D, Dippel M, Cozzio A, Guenova E, Kamarachev J, French LE, Dummer R. Efficacy and safety of oral alitretinoin in severe oral lichen planus—results of a prospective pilot study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30(2):293–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13444.CrossRefPubMed

164.

Bakhtiar R, Noor SM, Paracha MM. Effectiveness of oral methotrexate therapy versus systemic corticosteroid therapy in treatment of generalised lichen planus. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2018;28(7):505–8. https://doi.org/10.29271/jcpsp.2018.07.505.CrossRefPubMed

165.

Lajevardi V, Ghodsi SZ, Goodarzi A, Hejazi P, Azizpour A, Beygi S. Comparison of systemic mycophenolate mofetil with topical clobetasol in lichen planopilaris: a parallel-group, assessor- and analyst-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2015;16(4):303–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-015-0122-z.CrossRefPubMed

166.

Omidian M, Ayoobi A, Mapar MA, Feily A, Cheraghian B. Efficacy of sulfasalazine in the treatment of generalized lichen planus: randomized double-blinded clinical trial on 52 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24(9):1051–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03583.x.CrossRefPubMed

167.

Preda-Naumescu A, Bevans SL, Mayo TT. Pediatric lichen planopilaris treated with pioglitazone: a case study and literature review. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(7):779–82. https://doi.org/10.36849/JDD.5729.CrossRefPubMed

168.

European Medicines Agency. 2020. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/update-ongoing-european-review-pioglitazone-containing-medicines. Accessed 2 May 2024.

169.

Weber B, Marquart E, Radakovic S, Tanew A. Effectiveness of narrowband UVB phototherapy and psoralen plus UVA photochemotherapy in the treatment of generalized lichen planus: results from a large retrospective analysis and an update of the literature. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2022;38(2):104–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/phpp.12723.CrossRefPubMed

170.

Dawood M, Sizopoulou C, Greenberger S, Barzilai A, Pavlotsky F. Narrowband ultraviolet B radiation for lichen planus: long-term follow-up of 192 patients. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2022;15(4):31–5.PubMedPubMedCentral

171.

Dimova M, Damevska K, Nikolovska S, Dohcheva-Karajovanov I, Duma S, Kostovski M, Simeonovski V. Pediatric case of lichen planus pigmentosus inversus successfully treated with narrow band ultraviolet B phototherapy. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(6):e14073. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.14073.CrossRefPubMed

172.

Knobler R, Arenberger P, Arun A, Assaf C, Bagot M, Berlin G, Bohbot A, Calzavara-Pinton P, Child F, Cho A, French LE, Gennery AR, Gniadecki R, Gollnick HPM, Guenova E, Jaksch P, Jantschitsch C, Klemke C, Ludvigsson J, Papadavid E, Scarisbrick J, Schwarz T, Stadler R, Wolf P, Zic J, Zouboulis C, Zuckermann A, Greinix H. European dermatology forum—updated guidelines on the use of extracorporeal photopheresis 2020—part 1. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(12):2693–716. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16890.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

173.

Miotti G, Zingaretti N, Guarneri GF, Manfrè V, Errichetti E, Stinco G, Parodi PC. Autologous micrografts and methotrexate in plantar erosive lichen planus: healing and pain control. A case report. Case Reports Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2020;7(1):134–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/23320885.2020.1848434.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

174.

Wollina U. One-stage reconstruction of soft tissue defects with the sandwich technique: collagen-elastin dermal template and skin grafts. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2011;4(3):176–82. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-2077.91248.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

175.

Wollina U, Konrad H, Graefe T. Ulcerative lichen planus: a case responding to recombinant platelet-derived growth factor BB and immunosuppression. Acta Derm Venereol. 2001;81(5):364–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/000155501317140115.CrossRefPubMed

176.

Wollina U, Heinig B, Koch A, Nowak A, Tchernev G, França K, Lotti T. Ulcerating lichen planopilaris—successful treatment by surgery. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2018;6(1):96–8. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.029.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

177.

Stolte KN, Mesas-Fernández A, Meier K, Klein EK, Dommisch H, Ghoreschi K, Solimani F. TYK2 inhibition with deucravacitinib ameliorates erosive oral lichen planus. Exp Dermatol. 2024;33(4):e15080. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.15080.CrossRefPubMed

178.

Slater K, Halash K, Kartono F. Oral lichen planus successfully treated with upadacitinib. J Drugs Dermatol. 2024;23(4):e104–e6. https://doi.org/10.36849/JDD.7859.CrossRefPubMed

179.

Han Y, Woo YR, Cho SH, Lee JD, Kim HS. Itch and Janus Kinase inhibitors. Acta Derm Venereol. 2023;103:adv869. https://doi.org/10.2340/actadv.v103.5346.CrossRefPubMed

180.

Mansouri P, Jafari MA, Chalangari R, Roohaninasab M, Goodarzi A. Successful treatment of erosive lichen planus with tofacitinib: a case series and review of the literature. Clin Med Insights Case Rep. 2024;17:11795476241237350. https://doi.org/10.1177/11795476241237350.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

181.

Bazargan AS, Jafarzadeh A, Nobari NN. Successful treatment of resistant plantar ulcerative lichen planus with tofacitinib: a case report and comprehensive review of the literature. Clin Case Rep. 2023;11(10):e8066. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.8066.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

182.

Mateu-Arrom L, Garcia-Muret MP, Conforto GC, Puig L. Tofacitinib use in the treatment of plantar erosive lichen planus. Indian J Dermatol. 2023;68(6):704–5. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijd.ijd_512_23.CrossRefPubMed

183.

Solimani F, Pollmann R, Schmidt T, Schmidt A, Zheng X, Savai R, Mühlenbein S, Pickert J, Eubel V, Möbs C, Eming R, Hertl M. Therapeutic targeting of Th17/Tc17 cells leads to clinical improvement of lichen planus. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1808. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01808.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

184.

Ahmed H, Petkar M, Steinhoff M. Successful treatment of rare linear lichen planopilaris with Ixekizumab. J Dermatolog Treat. 2013;34(1):2201364. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2023.2201364.CrossRef

185.

Rezzag-Mahcene C, Cardot-Leccia N, Lacour JP, Montaudié H, Passeron T. Successful treatment of recalcitrant genital lichen planus with secukinumab. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021;35(5):e321–e3. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.17068.CrossRefPubMed

186.

Toumi A, Molva M, Bergeret B, Marque M, Stoebner PE. Lichen planus in psoriatic patients treated with interleukin 17 inhibitors: two additional cases and a literature review. Eur J Dermatol. 2022;32(6):795–6. https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2022.4360.CrossRefPubMed

187.

Fujita Y, Sugai T, Maya Y, Inamura E, Hirano Y, Shimizu S. Secukinumab-induced oral lichen planus in a psoriatic arthritis patient ameliorated after a switch to risankizumab. J Dermatol. 2023;50(6):824–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.16719.CrossRefPubMed

188.

Kherlopian A, Fischer G. Successful treatment of vulvovaginal lichen planus with tildrakizumab: a case series of 24 patients. Australas J Dermatol. 2022;63(2):251–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajd.13793.CrossRefPubMed

189.

Knisley RR, Petropolis AA, Mackey VT. Lichen planus pemphigoides treated with ustekinumab. Cutis. 2017;100(6):415–8.PubMed

190.

Webster G. Failure of lichen planopilaris to respond to ustekinumab. Dermatol Online J. 2015; https://doi.org/10.5070/D32111029305. 13030/qt30z76472.CrossRefPubMed

191.

Niebel D, Wilsmann-Theis D, Wenzel J. Successful treatment of psoriatic arthritis and comorbid annular atrophic lichen planus with etanercept. J Dermatol. 2020;47(4):397–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.15222.CrossRefPubMed

192.

Yarom N. Etanercept for the management of oral lichen planus. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2007;8(2):121. https://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200708020-00010.CrossRefPubMed

193.

Holló P, Szakonyi J, Kiss D, Jokai H, Horváth A, Kárpáti S. Successful treatment of lichen planus with adalimumab. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012;92(4):385–6. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1249.CrossRefPubMed

194.

Kreutzer K, Effendy I. Therapy-resistant folliculitis decalvans and lichen planopilaris successfully treated with adalimumab. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2014;12(1):74–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.12224.CrossRefPubMed

195.

Mansilla-Polo M, Gimeno E, Morgado-Carrasco D. Topical and oral roflumilast in dermatology: a narrative review. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2024;115(3):T265–T79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ad.2024.01.009.CrossRef

196.

Fage S, Johansen C. Severe and therapeutic challenging oral erosive lichen planus treated with oral roflumilast. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2023;48(5):556–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ced/llad041.CrossRefPubMed

197.

Lu H, He R, Yang S, Ma L, Zhang B. Successful treatment of pediatric lichen planus with topical crisaborole. Dermatol Ther. 2022;35(12):e15893. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15893.CrossRefPubMed

198.

Liu L, Zeng L, Gao L, Zeng J, Lu J. Ozone therapy for skin diseases: cellular and molecular mechanisms. Int Wound J. 2023;20(6):2376–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.14060.CrossRefPubMed

199.

Kumar A, Srivastava A, Sah N, Sah S, Nair VIN, Das A, Singh AK. Evidence-based effectiveness of ozone therapy in the treatment for oral lichen planus—a systematic review. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2024;15(1):18–22. https://doi.org/10.4103/njms.njms_20_23.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

200.

Milani M, Adamo L. Successful treatment of nail lichen planus with a lacquer containing urea, keratinase, and a retinoid molecule: report of 10 cases. Case Rep Dermatol. 2022;14(1):43–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000523796.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

201.

Hanna R, Dalvi S, Tomov G, Hopper C, Rebaudi F, Rebaudi AL, Bensadoun RJ. Emerging potential of phototherapy in management of symptomatic oral lichen planus: a systematic review of randomised controlled clinical trials. J Biophotonics. 2023;16(7):e202300046. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.202300046.CrossRefPubMed

202.

ClinicalTrials.gov.https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=lichen%20planus.

203.

Zhang L, Chai R, Tai Z, Miao F, Shi X, Chen Z, Zhu Q. Noval advance of histone modification in inflammatory skin diseases and related treatment methods. Front Immunol. 2024;14:1286776. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1286776.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Springer Medizin Österreich

Lichen planus—the role of age and gender in clinical appearance and treatment

A narrative review

Summary

Springer Medizin Österreich

Summary

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten