01.11.2016 | review | Ausgabe 15-16/2016
Internal medicine in the United States and Germany: mutual influences from 1870 to today
- Zeitschrift:
- Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift > Ausgabe 15-16/2016
- Autoren:
- MD Arnd Schulte-Bockolt, MD Konrad H. Soergel, MD, PhD Juergen Stein
Wichtige Hinweise
Some extracts of this manuscript were previously published in:
1. Soergel KH, Schulte-Bockolt A. Innere Medizin in Deutschland und U.S.A. – Wechselseitige Einfluesse. In:
Classen M., ed. Internisten und Innere Medizin im 20. Jahrhundert. Muenchen-Wien-Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg; 1994. p. 546–65.
2. Schulte-Bockholt A, Bauer A: Innere Medizin in den deutschsprachigen Ländern und in den USA. Wechselseitige Einflüsse und Wandel der Beziehungen von 1870 bis 1990. Gesnerus. 1995;52:94–115.
Summary
Over the past 140 years, the close academic and clinical interactions in Internal Medicine between German-speaking countries and the United States have been through three distinct stages. From 1870 until the First World War, German medical research, teaching, and university organization served as a model for U.S. medical schools and practice. However, after World War I, medical education reforms were implemented in the U.S., and due also to radical economic and political changes at home, German medicine lost its pioneering role. Furthermore, many scientists and clinicians were forced to emigrate in the face of racial and political persecution in Germany and Austria. Since the Second World War, American medicine has grown further to become the world leader in research, training, and clinical practice. The earlier trend of American physicians studying abroad was thus reversed, with many of today’s foremost German physicians completing clinical and research training in the United States.