Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of coronary heart disease

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Zurück zum Zitat Liu S, Li Y, Zeng X, Wang H, Yin P, Wang L, Liu Y, Liu J, Qi J, Ran S, Yang S, Zhou M. Burden of cardiovascular diseases in China, 1990–2016: findings from the 2016 global burden of disease study. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(4):342–52. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Liu S, Li Y, Zeng X, Wang H, Yin P, Wang L, Liu Y, Liu J, Qi J, Ran S, Yang S, Zhou M. Burden of cardiovascular diseases in China, 1990–2016: findings from the 2016 global burden of disease study. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(4):342–52. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Wirtz PH, von Känel R. Psychological stress, inflammation, and coronary heart disease. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2017;19(11):111. CrossRefPubMed Wirtz PH, von Känel R. Psychological stress, inflammation, and coronary heart disease. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2017;19(11):111. CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Ke X, Huang Y, Li L, Xin F, Xu L, Zhang Y, Zeng Z, Lin F, Song Y. Berberine attenuates arterial plaque formation in atherosclerotic rats with damp-heat syndrome via regulating autophagy. Drug Des Dev Ther. 2020;14:2449–60. CrossRef Ke X, Huang Y, Li L, Xin F, Xu L, Zhang Y, Zeng Z, Lin F, Song Y. Berberine attenuates arterial plaque formation in atherosclerotic rats with damp-heat syndrome via regulating autophagy. Drug Des Dev Ther. 2020;14:2449–60. CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Fernandez DM, Rahman AH, Fernandez NF, Chudnovskiy A, Amir ED, Amadori L, Khan NS, Wong CK, Shamailova R, Hill CA, Wang Z, Remark R, Li JR, Pina C, Faries C, Awad AJ, Moss N, Bjorkegren JLM, Kim-Schulze S, Gnjatic S, Ma’ayan A, Mocco J, Faries P, Merad M, Giannarelli C. Single-cell immune landscape of human atherosclerotic plaques. Nat Med. 2019;25(10):1576–88. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Fernandez DM, Rahman AH, Fernandez NF, Chudnovskiy A, Amir ED, Amadori L, Khan NS, Wong CK, Shamailova R, Hill CA, Wang Z, Remark R, Li JR, Pina C, Faries C, Awad AJ, Moss N, Bjorkegren JLM, Kim-Schulze S, Gnjatic S, Ma’ayan A, Mocco J, Faries P, Merad M, Giannarelli C. Single-cell immune landscape of human atherosclerotic plaques. Nat Med. 2019;25(10):1576–88. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Peikert A, Kaier K, Merz J, Manhart L, Schäfer I, Hilgendorf I, Hehn P, Wolf D, Willecke F, Sheng X, Clemens A, Zehender M, von Zur Mühlen C, Bode C, Zirlik A, Stachon P. Residual inflammatory risk in coronary heart disease: incidence of elevated high-sensitive CRP in a real-world cohort. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;109(3):315–23. CrossRefPubMed Peikert A, Kaier K, Merz J, Manhart L, Schäfer I, Hilgendorf I, Hehn P, Wolf D, Willecke F, Sheng X, Clemens A, Zehender M, von Zur Mühlen C, Bode C, Zirlik A, Stachon P. Residual inflammatory risk in coronary heart disease: incidence of elevated high-sensitive CRP in a real-world cohort. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;109(3):315–23. CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Khor B, Gardet A, Xavier RJ. Genetics and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature. 2011;474(7351):307–17. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Khor B, Gardet A, Xavier RJ. Genetics and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature. 2011;474(7351):307–17. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Yarur AJ, Deshpande AR, Pechman DM, Tamariz L, Abreu MT, Sussman DA. Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular events. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(4):741–7. CrossRefPubMed Yarur AJ, Deshpande AR, Pechman DM, Tamariz L, Abreu MT, Sussman DA. Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular events. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(4):741–7. CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Zöller B, Li X, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Risk of subsequent coronary heart disease in patients hospitalized for immune-mediated diseases: a nationwide follow-up study from Sweden. Plos One. 2012;7(3):e33442. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Zöller B, Li X, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Risk of subsequent coronary heart disease in patients hospitalized for immune-mediated diseases: a nationwide follow-up study from Sweden. Plos One. 2012;7(3):e33442. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Choi YJ, Lee DH, Shin DW, Han KD, Yoon H, Shin CM, Park YS, Kim N. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease have an increased risk of myocardial infarction: a nationwide study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;50(7):769–79. CrossRefPubMed Choi YJ, Lee DH, Shin DW, Han KD, Yoon H, Shin CM, Park YS, Kim N. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease have an increased risk of myocardial infarction: a nationwide study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;50(7):769–79. CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Smith GD, Ebrahim S. ‘Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32(1):1–22. CrossRefPubMed Smith GD, Ebrahim S. ‘Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32(1):1–22. CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Ebrahim S, Smith GD. Mendelian randomization: can genetic epidemiology help redress the failures of observational epidemiology? Hum Genet. 2008;123(1):15–33. CrossRefPubMed Ebrahim S, Smith GD. Mendelian randomization: can genetic epidemiology help redress the failures of observational epidemiology? Hum Genet. 2008;123(1):15–33. CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Liu JZ, van Sommeren S, Huang H, Ng SC, Alberts R, Takahashi A, Ripke S, Lee JC, Jostins L, Shah T, Abedian S, Cheon JH, Cho J, Dayani NE, Franke L, Fuyuno Y, Hart A, Juyal RC, Juyal G, Kim WH, Morris AP, Poustchi H, Newman WG, Midha V, Orchard TR, Vahedi H, Sood A, Sung JY, Malekzadeh R, Westra HJ, Yamazaki K, Yang SK, Barrett JC, Alizadeh BZ, Parkes M, Bk T, Daly MJ, Kubo M, Anderson CA, Weersma RK. Association analyses identify 38 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease and highlight shared genetic risk across populations. Nat Genet. 2015;47(9):979–86. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Liu JZ, van Sommeren S, Huang H, Ng SC, Alberts R, Takahashi A, Ripke S, Lee JC, Jostins L, Shah T, Abedian S, Cheon JH, Cho J, Dayani NE, Franke L, Fuyuno Y, Hart A, Juyal RC, Juyal G, Kim WH, Morris AP, Poustchi H, Newman WG, Midha V, Orchard TR, Vahedi H, Sood A, Sung JY, Malekzadeh R, Westra HJ, Yamazaki K, Yang SK, Barrett JC, Alizadeh BZ, Parkes M, Bk T, Daly MJ, Kubo M, Anderson CA, Weersma RK. Association analyses identify 38 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease and highlight shared genetic risk across populations. Nat Genet. 2015;47(9):979–86. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Schunkert H, König IR, Kathiresan S, Reilly MP, Assimes TL, Holm H, Preuss M, Stewart AF, Barbalic M, Gieger C, Absher D, Aherrahrou Z, Allayee H, Altshuler D, Anand SS, Andersen K, Anderson JL, Ardissino D, Ball SG, Balmforth AJ, Barnes TA, Becker DM, Becker LC, Berger K, Bis JC, Boekholdt SM, Boerwinkle E, Braund PS, Brown MJ, Burnett MS, Buysschaert I, Carlquist JF, Chen L, Cichon S, Codd V, Davies RW, Dedoussis G, Dehghan A, Demissie S, Devaney JM, Diemert P, Do R, Doering A, Eifert S, Mokhtari NE, Ellis SG, Elosua R, Engert JC, Epstein SE, de Faire U, Fischer M, Folsom AR, Freyer J, Gigante B, Girelli D, Gretarsdottir S, Gudnason V, Gulcher JR, Halperin E, Hammond N, Hazen SL, Hofman A, Horne BD, Illig T, Iribarren C, Jones GT, Jukema JW, Kaiser MA, Kaplan LM, Kastelein JJ, Khaw KT, Knowles JW, Kolovou G, Kong A, Laaksonen R, Lambrechts D, Leander K, Lettre G, Li M, Lieb W, Loley C, Lotery AJ, Mannucci PM, Maouche S, Martinelli N, McKeown PP, Meisinger C, Meitinger T, Melander O, Merlini PA, Mooser V, Morgan T, Mühleisen TW, Muhlestein JB, Münzel T, Musunuru K, Nahrstaedt J, Nelson CP, Nöthen MM, Olivieri O, Patel RS, Patterson CC, Peters A, Peyvandi F, Qu L, Quyyumi AA, Rader DJ, Rallidis LS, Rice C, Rosendaal FR, Rubin D, Salomaa V, Sampietro ML, Sandhu MS, Schadt E, Schäfer A, Schillert A, Schreiber S, Schrezenmeir J, Schwartz SM, Siscovick DS, Sivananthan M, Sivapalaratnam S, Smith A, Smith TB, Snoep JD, Soranzo N, Spertus JA, Stark K, Stirrups K, Stoll M, Tang WH, Tennstedt S, Thorgeirsson G, Thorleifsson G, Tomaszewski M, Uitterlinden AG, van Rij AM, Voight BF, Wareham NJ, Wells GA, Wichmann HE, Wild PS, Willenborg C, Witteman JC, Wright BJ, Ye S, Zeller T, Ziegler A, Cambien F, Goodall AH, Cupples LA, Quertermous T, März W, Hengstenberg C, Blankenberg S, Ouwehand WH, Hall AS, Deloukas P, Thompson JR, Stefansson K, Roberts R, Thorsteinsdottir U, O’Donnell CJ, McPherson R, Erdmann J, Samani NJ. Large-scale association analysis identifies 13 new susceptibility loci for coronary artery disease. Nat Genet. 2011;43(4):333–8. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Schunkert H, König IR, Kathiresan S, Reilly MP, Assimes TL, Holm H, Preuss M, Stewart AF, Barbalic M, Gieger C, Absher D, Aherrahrou Z, Allayee H, Altshuler D, Anand SS, Andersen K, Anderson JL, Ardissino D, Ball SG, Balmforth AJ, Barnes TA, Becker DM, Becker LC, Berger K, Bis JC, Boekholdt SM, Boerwinkle E, Braund PS, Brown MJ, Burnett MS, Buysschaert I, Carlquist JF, Chen L, Cichon S, Codd V, Davies RW, Dedoussis G, Dehghan A, Demissie S, Devaney JM, Diemert P, Do R, Doering A, Eifert S, Mokhtari NE, Ellis SG, Elosua R, Engert JC, Epstein SE, de Faire U, Fischer M, Folsom AR, Freyer J, Gigante B, Girelli D, Gretarsdottir S, Gudnason V, Gulcher JR, Halperin E, Hammond N, Hazen SL, Hofman A, Horne BD, Illig T, Iribarren C, Jones GT, Jukema JW, Kaiser MA, Kaplan LM, Kastelein JJ, Khaw KT, Knowles JW, Kolovou G, Kong A, Laaksonen R, Lambrechts D, Leander K, Lettre G, Li M, Lieb W, Loley C, Lotery AJ, Mannucci PM, Maouche S, Martinelli N, McKeown PP, Meisinger C, Meitinger T, Melander O, Merlini PA, Mooser V, Morgan T, Mühleisen TW, Muhlestein JB, Münzel T, Musunuru K, Nahrstaedt J, Nelson CP, Nöthen MM, Olivieri O, Patel RS, Patterson CC, Peters A, Peyvandi F, Qu L, Quyyumi AA, Rader DJ, Rallidis LS, Rice C, Rosendaal FR, Rubin D, Salomaa V, Sampietro ML, Sandhu MS, Schadt E, Schäfer A, Schillert A, Schreiber S, Schrezenmeir J, Schwartz SM, Siscovick DS, Sivananthan M, Sivapalaratnam S, Smith A, Smith TB, Snoep JD, Soranzo N, Spertus JA, Stark K, Stirrups K, Stoll M, Tang WH, Tennstedt S, Thorgeirsson G, Thorleifsson G, Tomaszewski M, Uitterlinden AG, van Rij AM, Voight BF, Wareham NJ, Wells GA, Wichmann HE, Wild PS, Willenborg C, Witteman JC, Wright BJ, Ye S, Zeller T, Ziegler A, Cambien F, Goodall AH, Cupples LA, Quertermous T, März W, Hengstenberg C, Blankenberg S, Ouwehand WH, Hall AS, Deloukas P, Thompson JR, Stefansson K, Roberts R, Thorsteinsdottir U, O’Donnell CJ, McPherson R, Erdmann J, Samani NJ. Large-scale association analysis identifies 13 new susceptibility loci for coronary artery disease. Nat Genet. 2011;43(4):333–8. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Wu F, Huang Y, Hu J, Shao Z. Mendelian randomization study of inflammatory bowel disease and bone mineral density. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):312. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wu F, Huang Y, Hu J, Shao Z. Mendelian randomization study of inflammatory bowel disease and bone mineral density. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):312. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Zheng J, Baird D, Borges MC, Bowden J, Hemani G, Haycock P, Evans DM, Smith GD. Recent developments in mendelian randomization studies. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2017;4(4):330–45. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Zheng J, Baird D, Borges MC, Bowden J, Hemani G, Haycock P, Evans DM, Smith GD. Recent developments in mendelian randomization studies. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2017;4(4):330–45. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Staley JR, Blackshaw J, Kamat MA, Ellis S, Surendran P, Sun BB, Paul DS, Freitag D, Burgess S, Danesh J, Young R, Butterworth AS. PhenoScanner: a database of human genotype-phenotype associations. Bioinformatics. 2016;32(20):3207–9. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Staley JR, Blackshaw J, Kamat MA, Ellis S, Surendran P, Sun BB, Paul DS, Freitag D, Burgess S, Danesh J, Young R, Butterworth AS. PhenoScanner: a database of human genotype-phenotype associations. Bioinformatics. 2016;32(20):3207–9. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Luo Q, Wen Z, Li Y, Chen Z, Long X, Bai Y, Huang S, Yan Y, Lin R, Mo Z. Assessment causality in associations between serum uric acid and risk of schizophrenia: a two-sample bidirectional mendelian randomization study. Clin Epidemiol. 2020;12:223–33. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Luo Q, Wen Z, Li Y, Chen Z, Long X, Bai Y, Huang S, Yan Y, Lin R, Mo Z. Assessment causality in associations between serum uric acid and risk of schizophrenia: a two-sample bidirectional mendelian randomization study. Clin Epidemiol. 2020;12:223–33. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Palmer TM, Lawlor DA, Harbord RM, Sheehan NA, Tobias JH, Timpson NJ, Smith GD, Sterne JA. Using multiple genetic variants as instrumental variables for modifiable risk factors. Stat Methods Med Res. 2012;21(3):223–42. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Palmer TM, Lawlor DA, Harbord RM, Sheehan NA, Tobias JH, Timpson NJ, Smith GD, Sterne JA. Using multiple genetic variants as instrumental variables for modifiable risk factors. Stat Methods Med Res. 2012;21(3):223–42. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Hemani G, Zheng J, Elsworth B, Wade KH, Haberland V, Baird D, Laurin C, Burgess S, Bowden J, Langdon R, Tan VY, Yarmolinsky J, Shihab HA, Timpson NJ, Evans DM, Relton C, Martin RM, Smith GD, Gaunt TR, Haycock PC. The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome. Elife. 2018;7. https://​doi.​org/​10.​7554/​eLife.​34408 Hemani G, Zheng J, Elsworth B, Wade KH, Haberland V, Baird D, Laurin C, Burgess S, Bowden J, Langdon R, Tan VY, Yarmolinsky J, Shihab HA, Timpson NJ, Evans DM, Relton C, Martin RM, Smith GD, Gaunt TR, Haycock PC. The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome. Elife. 2018;7. https://​doi.​org/​10.​7554/​eLife.​34408

Zurück zum Zitat Walker VM, Davies NM, Hemani G, Zheng J, Haycock PC, Gaunt TR, Smith GD, Martin RM. Using the MR-Base platform to investigate risk factors and drug targets for thousands of phenotypes. Wellcome Open Res. 2019;4:113. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Walker VM, Davies NM, Hemani G, Zheng J, Haycock PC, Gaunt TR, Smith GD, Martin RM. Using the MR-Base platform to investigate risk factors and drug targets for thousands of phenotypes. Wellcome Open Res. 2019;4:113. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Burgess S, Thompson SG. Interpreting findings from Mendelian randomization using the MR-Egger method. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(5):377–89. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Burgess S, Thompson SG. Interpreting findings from Mendelian randomization using the MR-Egger method. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(5):377–89. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Wang H, Guo Z, Zheng Y, Yu C, Hou H, Chen B. No casual relationship between T2DM and the risk of infectious diseases: a two-sample mendelian randomization study. Front Genet. 2021;12:720874. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wang H, Guo Z, Zheng Y, Yu C, Hou H, Chen B. No casual relationship between T2DM and the risk of infectious diseases: a two-sample mendelian randomization study. Front Genet. 2021;12:720874. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Burgess S, Labrecque JA. Mendelian randomization with a binary exposure variable: interpretation and presentation of causal estimates. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33(10):947–52. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Burgess S, Labrecque JA. Mendelian randomization with a binary exposure variable: interpretation and presentation of causal estimates. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33(10):947–52. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Lu Y, Wang Z, Georgakis MK, Lin H, Zheng L. Genetic liability to depression and risk of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and other cardiovascular outcomes. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(1):e17986. CrossRefPubMed Lu Y, Wang Z, Georgakis MK, Lin H, Zheng L. Genetic liability to depression and risk of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and other cardiovascular outcomes. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(1):e17986. CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Liu Z, Suo C, Fan H, Zhang T, Jin L, Chen X. Dissecting causal relationships between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease proxied by chronically elevated alanine transaminase levels and 34 extrahepatic diseases. Metab Clin Exp. 2022;135:155270. CrossRefPubMed Liu Z, Suo C, Fan H, Zhang T, Jin L, Chen X. Dissecting causal relationships between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease proxied by chronically elevated alanine transaminase levels and 34 extrahepatic diseases. Metab Clin Exp. 2022;135:155270. CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Zhuang Z, Gao M, Yang R, Li N, Liu Z, Cao W, Huang T. Association of physical activity, sedentary behaviours and sleep duration with cardiovascular diseases and lipid profiles: a Mendelian randomization analysis. Lipids Health Dis. 2020;19(1):86. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Zhuang Z, Gao M, Yang R, Li N, Liu Z, Cao W, Huang T. Association of physical activity, sedentary behaviours and sleep duration with cardiovascular diseases and lipid profiles: a Mendelian randomization analysis. Lipids Health Dis. 2020;19(1):86. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Greco MF, Minelli C, Sheehan NA, Thompson JR. Detecting pleiotropy in Mendelian randomisation studies with summary data and a continuous outcome. Statist Med. 2015;34(21):2926–40. CrossRef Greco MF, Minelli C, Sheehan NA, Thompson JR. Detecting pleiotropy in Mendelian randomisation studies with summary data and a continuous outcome. Statist Med. 2015;34(21):2926–40. CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Burgess S, Bowden J, Fall T, Ingelsson E, Thompson SG. Sensitivity analyses for robust causal inference from mendelian randomization analyses with multiple genetic variants. Epidemiology. 2017;28(1):30–42. CrossRefPubMed Burgess S, Bowden J, Fall T, Ingelsson E, Thompson SG. Sensitivity analyses for robust causal inference from mendelian randomization analyses with multiple genetic variants. Epidemiology. 2017;28(1):30–42. CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Bowden J, Smith GD, Burgess S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(2):512–25. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bowden J, Smith GD, Burgess S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(2):512–25. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Bernstein CN, Wajda A, Blanchard JF. The incidence of arterial thromboembolic diseases in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(1):41–5. CrossRefPubMed Bernstein CN, Wajda A, Blanchard JF. The incidence of arterial thromboembolic diseases in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(1):41–5. CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Haapamäki J, Roine RP, Turunen U, Färkkilä MA, Arkkila PE. Increased risk for coronary heart disease, asthma, and connective tissue diseases in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohn’s Colitis. 2011;5(1):41–7. CrossRef Haapamäki J, Roine RP, Turunen U, Färkkilä MA, Arkkila PE. Increased risk for coronary heart disease, asthma, and connective tissue diseases in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohn’s Colitis. 2011;5(1):41–7. CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Osterman MT, Yang YX, Brensinger C, Forde KA, Lichtenstein GR, Lewis JD. No increased risk of myocardial infarction among patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9(10):875–80. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Osterman MT, Yang YX, Brensinger C, Forde KA, Lichtenstein GR, Lewis JD. No increased risk of myocardial infarction among patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9(10):875–80. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Baena-Díez JM, Garcia-Gil M, Comas-Cufí M, Ramos R, Prieto-Alhambra D, Salvador-González B, Elosua R, Dégano IR, Peñafiel J, Grau M. Association between chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and cardiovascular risk. Heart. 2018;104(2):119–26. CrossRefPubMed Baena-Díez JM, Garcia-Gil M, Comas-Cufí M, Ramos R, Prieto-Alhambra D, Salvador-González B, Elosua R, Dégano IR, Peñafiel J, Grau M. Association between chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and cardiovascular risk. Heart. 2018;104(2):119–26. CrossRefPubMed

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