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22.02.2024 | Hygiene- und Umweltmedizin | main topic

Avicenna’s views on pest control and medicinal plants he prescribed as natural pesticides

verfasst von: Mohammad Amrollahi-Sharifabadi, Jamal Rezaei Orimi, Zahra Adabinia, Tahereh Shakeri, Zahra Aghabeiglooei, Mohammad Hashemimehr, Maedeh Rezghi, PhD

Erschienen in: Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift | Ausgabe 13-14/2024

Summary

The present study aimed to introduce Avicenna’s views on pest control and the medicinal plants he proposed as natural pesticides. Also, we addressed the strategies that he leveraged to formulate and prescribe them, and, finally, we put his views into perspective with modern science. The data were collected using Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine) as well as scientific databases. According to Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb, 42 medicinal plants are described as natural pest control agents. After introducing the pest control properties of each plant, Avicenna explained the appropriate strategies for use of these plants. These strategies or formulations included incensing, spraying, spreading, rubbing, smudging, and scent-dispersing, which are equivalent to the modern pesticide formulations of fumigants, aerosols, pastes and poisoned baits, lotions, creams, and slow-release formulations, respectively. This study revealed that Avicenna introduced the pest control approach with natural plants in his book Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb and, thus, harnessed the power of nature to control nature. Future research is recommended to find the pest control merits of the presented medicinal plants, in order to incorporate them into pest control programs and reduce environmental pollution resulting from the complications of current synthetic pesticides.

Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies

Authors disclose that they did not use generative artificial intelligence (AI) or AI-assisted technologies during the preparation of this manuscript.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Introduction

The use of natural pest control agents against different parasites and insects has a very long history in human life. Humans have been using natural pesticides to protect their products since 2000 BC [1]. The use of toxic plants as insecticides is mentioned in the Indian book The Rig Veda, which is about 4000 years old [2]. Today, various types of chemical pesticides and insecticides are used to control pests, many of which are harmful to the health of the environment, animals, and humans [3, 4]. The health impacts of pesticides range from contamination of water resources and organic products to a variety of human health complications, from cognitive disorders to cancer [5, 6]. Recently, research has been increasing on the revision of methods for controlling pests—in an effort to prevent the excessive use of chemical poisons—and a tendency to use safer pest controllers, including natural pesticides, is emerging [7, 8]. As noted by current literature, Persian medicine (PM) resources have a rich background in medical practice as well as a wealth of knowledge [9, 10]. One of the most important Persian medical books in the field of effective medicinal plants as natural remedies is Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb, commonly known as The Canon of Medicine in English literature, authored by the famous Persian physician and scientist Abu Ali Sina, also known as Ibn Sina or Avicenna (980-1037 AD) [11]. We aimed to investigate the medicinal plants recommended in Avicenna’s Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb as pest control agents and his recommended applications, as well as to put the data in light of modern knowledge.

Materials and methods

We explored Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb using the keywords of Al-Sam, Al-Nahš, Las’a, Al-Havām, Al-Somum Al-Hayavānia, Al-Advia Al-Nāfea Al-somum, and Taryāq in Arabic, which are equivalent to poison, bite, sting, vermin, zootoxins, antitoxins, and antidotes in English [12]. Then, to compare and probe the compatibility of the extracted information with modern knowledge of pest control, current literature investigated in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and related Iranian English scientific databases including Scientific Information Database (SID), Magiran, IranDoc, and Iranmedex. Finally, the obtained results were analyzed, categorized, and presented in this article.

Results

Medicinal plants introduced as pesticides in Avicenna’s Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb

Based on the results obtained from this research, 42 medicinal plants were discoursed by Avicenna in Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb as natural pesticides to control insect pests and vermin (Figs. 1, 2 and 3, Table 1; [12]).

Table 1

Botanical pesticides in Avicenna’s Al-Qanun fi Al-Tibb in perspective with modern pest control science

No	Common name	Traditional name	Scientific name	Avicenna’s prescription (pesticide formulation)							Modern pest control science
No	Common name	Traditional name	Scientific name	Description	Incensing agents (Al-Bokhours)	Decoction spray agents (Al-Tabikhs)	Spreadable agents (Al-Efterashs)	Rubbing agents (Al-Taliyes or Al-Telas)	Smudging agents (Al-Latoukhs)	Scent-dispersing agents (Al-Taqtiris)	Pesticidal activity studies
1	Glasswort	Ošnān	Salicornia herbacea L.	Its smoke repels insects	×	–	–	–	–	–	[26] [27] [28]
2	Felty germander	Jada	‏Teucrium polium L.	If they smoke it and leave it in the house, it will drive away insects	×	–	–	–	–	–	[29] [30] [31]
3	‏Garden cress	Horof	Lepidium sativum L.	If they burn this plant, insects will escape from its smoke	×	–	–	–	–	–	[32] [33] [34]
4	‏Black cumin	Šhuniz	Nigella sativa L.	Insects escape from its smoke	×	×	–	–	–	–	[35] [36]
5	Florentine Iris	Susan	Iris florentina L.	Its smoke is a medicine to avoid vermin and stay safe from the danger of vermin bites	×	–	–	–	–	–	[37]
6	Myrtle	Ās	‏Myrtus communis L.	Mosquitoes escape from its smoke	×	–	–	–	–	–	[38] [39]
7	Guggul	Moql	Commiphora mukul Engl	Mosquitoes escape from its smoke	×	–	–	–	–	–	[40]
8	Garlic	Sum	‏Allium sativum L.	Wasps escape from its smoke	×	–	–	–	–	–	[41] [42]
9	‏Oriental plane tree	Delb	Platanus orientalis L.	Burning and smoking its wood and leaves will make the insects escape	×	–	–	–	–	–	[43] [44]
10	Pomegranate	Anār	Punica granatum	Mosquitoes escape from its smoke	×	–	–	–	–	–	[45] [46] [47]
11	Sagapenum	Sakbinaj	Ferula persica	Wasps escape from its smoke	×	–	–	–	–	–	[48] [49]
12	Chinaberry tree	Āzād derakht	Melia azedarach L.	The juice of its leaves is an insect killer	–	×	–	–	–	–	[50] [51]
13	Alkanet	Abukhalsā	Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch	If the ripe fruit and yellow leaves are made into a powder and sprayed on the insect, will kill the insect	–	×	–	–	–	–	[52] [53]
14	‏Caltrop	Hasak	‏Tribulus terrestris L.	Splashing boiled it causes to kill fleas	–	×	–	–	–	–	[54] [55]
15	‏Carob	Yanbut	Ceratonia siliqua L.	Cooking it in water and spraying it in the house will make fleas escape	–	×	–	–	–	–	[56]
16	Euphorbia	Farbiyun	Euphorbia helioscopia L.	If the powder of this plant is sprinkled on someone’s head, he/she will be safe from vermin and insect bites	–	×	–	–	–	–	[57]
17	Black berry	Aliq	Rubus fruticosus L.	Cooking its bark or whole plant in water and spraying it in the house will make fleas escape	–	×	–	–	–	–	[58]
18	‏Bitter cucumber	Hanzal	Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad	Soaking it in water and sprinkling it in the house will make fleas escape	–	×	–	–	–	–	[59] [60]
19	Hellebore	Xarbaq	Helleborus niger L.	Its decoction kills flies	–	×	–	–	–	–	[61]
20	Absinthium	Afsantin	Artemisia absinthium	Splashing boiled it causes to kill fleas	–	×	–	–	–	–	[62]
21	Lupine	Termes	Lupinus termis L.	Splashing boiled it causes to kill fleas	–	×	–	–	–	–	[63]
22	Citron	Bālang	‏Citrus medica L.	If its dry skin is with the clothes, they are safe from insects such as moth	–	–	×	–	–	–	[64]
23	‏Broad-leaved thyme	Nammām	‏Thymus pulegioides L.	Placing it around the bed will keep insects away	–	–	×	–	–	–	[65]
24	‏Worm wood	Qeysum	Artemisia montana (Nakai) Pamp	If they use it as a carpet, it will repel insects	–	–	×	–	–	–	[66]
25	‏Ammoniacum	Ošaq	Dorema ammoniacum (D. Don)	If they apply it on the body, vermin will not come near	–	–	–	×	–	–	[67]
26	Marsh Mallow	Xatmi	Althea officinalis L.	If someone rubs this plant on his/her body, wasp will not come near to his/her	–	–	–	×	–	–	[68]
27	‏Olive	Zeytun	‏Olea europaea L.	If someone applies this oil to his/her body, wasp will not come near his/her body	–	–	–	×	–	–	[69]
28	Radish	Fojol	‏Raphanus Sativus L.	Rubbing this oil on the body prevents mosquitoes from approaching humans	–	–	–	×	–	–	[70]
29	Branched asphodel	Barvaq	Asphodelus ramosus L.	If they apply it on the body, vermin will not come near	–	–	–	×	–	–	[71]
30	‏Italian arum	Luf	‏Arum italicum L.	If someone rubs his/her body with it or its extract or decoction, is safe from vermin bites	–	–	–	–	×	–	[72]
31	Chaste tree	Panjangošt	Vitex agnus-castus L.	Smoking the leaf and also rubbing its leaf mixture in olive oil makes the vermin run away	×	–	×	×	–	–	[73]
32	‏Common juniper	Ar’ar’	Juniperus communis L.	The smoke of its wood, fruit, and leaves repels insects and flies. Also, rubbing the mixture of its leaves in olive oil will protect you from harmful animals	×	–	–	×	–	–	[74]
33	European pennyroyal	Fudanj	Mentha Pulegium L.	To smoke of its leaves, repel insects. Spreading its leaves is also an enemy of harmful insects	×	–	×	–	–	–	[75]
34	Galbanum	Qenna	‏Ferula galbaniflua Boiss. et Buhse	Its smoke repels harmful insects	×	×	–	–	–	–	[76]
35	Rue	Sodāb	Ruta graveolens L.	Vermin run away from its smell. Cooking it in water and sprinkling it in the house will keep mosquitoes away	–	×	–	–	–	×	[77]
36	‏Norway spruce	Senowbar	Picea abies (L.) Karst	The smoke caused by burning its powdered bark and pouring it around the room causes insects to escape. Rubbing a mixture of its green leaves and olive oil on the body cause to protect from harmful animals	×	×	×	×	–	–	[78]
37	Wild rue	Esfand	‏Peganum harmala L.	Mosquitos escape from its smoke	×	×	×	–	–	–	[79]
38	Cypress tree	Sarv	Cupressus sempervirens L.	Its leaves and fruit repel mosquitoes. Rubbing the mixture of its fresh fruit blossoms in olive oil cause to repel vermin	–	–	×	×	–	–	[80]
39	Ferula	Anghozeh	Ferula assafoetida L.	Pouring its gum into the nest of ants will evacuate the nest and also make the insects go away	×	–	×	×	–	–	[81] [82]
40	‏Bay laurel	Qār	‏Laurus nobilis L.	Parts of this tree keep insects away	×	–	×	–	–	–	[83]
41	Oleander	Defli	Nerium oleander L.	Fleas are afraid of its smell and run away from it	×	–	–	–	–	×	[84]
42	Wormseed	Šeih	Artemisia cina Berg ex Poljakov	Mosquitoes escape from its smoke	×	×	–	–	–	–	[85]

Types of strategies (formulations) for pesticide applications in Avicenna’s Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb

Avicenna proposed various methods of using medicinal plants to repel and kill insects and vermin. The methods of using these pesticide agents are smoking and burning (incensing), rubbing on the human body, smearing the walls of the rooms and windows, spraying, spreading, and expanding in the place. These pest control agents can scare off or destroy different kinds of insects and vermin ([12]; Table 1).

Incensing agents (Al-Bokhours)

Incenses are pesticides that destroy pests including insects and vermin after burning and spreading their smoke in the place. These pesticides include pomegranate (Punica granatum), chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus L.), felty germander (Teucrium polium L.), garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.), common juniper (Juniperus communis L.), European pennyroyal (Mentha Pulegium L.), galbanum (Ferula galbaniflua), black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), florentine Iris (Iris florentina L.), guggul (Commiphora mukul), and bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) [12].

Decoction spray agents (Al-Tabikhs)

In this strategy, the decoctions (boiled extracts) of medicinal plants are sprayed on the pest to make physical contact with it. The medicinal plants included wild rue (Peganum harmala L.) and galbanum (Ferula galbaniflua). Also, the decoction of hellebore (Helleborus niger L.) kills flies and the spray of decoction of caltrop (Ceratonia siliqua L.) repels fleas. Spraying the decoction of plants such as black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and rue (Ruta graveolens L.) repels mosquitoes. Spraying the decoction of galbanum (Ferula galbaniflua) is recommended to keep vermin away [12].

Spreadable agents (Al-Efterashs)

Avicenna prescribed some medicinal plants as spreading and expanding formulations for controlling pests. For example, placing broad-leaved thyme (Thymus pulegioides L.), ferula (Ferula Assa foetida L.), bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.), and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) around the environments especially the beds and beddings in the house were useful strategies to control pests [12].

Rubbing agents (Al-Taliyes or Al-Telas)

Rubbing the diluted extracts of some parts of the medicinal plants on the body kept harmful pests away (equivalent to body lotion). Among the medicinal plants that Avicenna prescribed were the oil of radish (Raphanus Sativus L.), the fresh blossoms and the fruits of the cypress tree (Cuperessus sempervirens L.), the fruits of the common juniper (Juniperus communis L.), and the leaves of the chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus L.) [12].

Smudging agents (Al-Latoukhs)

In Avicenna’s view, smudging means coating the body with something thicker than the rubbing drugs but thinner than poultices (equivalent to body cream). According to the Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb, if someone covered the body with a large Italian arum (Arum italicum L.) and its extract or decoction, they would be protected against vermin bites [12].

Scent-dispersing agents (Al-Taqtiris)

Avicenna also advocated using the fragrances of some medicinal plants to ward off pests like insects. As an example, he suggested that the scent of oleander (Nerium oleander L.) might drive fleas away [12].

Discussion and conclusion

Pest control via natural agents has a very important role in human health and life [13]. Although humankind has been using natural pesticides for a very long time to protect himself and his crops, with industrial development, different types of chemical pesticides are synthesized to use to repel or destroy different harmful pests including animals and insects [14, 15]. Recent studies have shown that constant use of these agents has resulted in detrimental consequences for humans and animals [16, 17]. In addition, continuous use of these types of toxic substances has directly polluted our available life resources such as water, air, and the environment, and threatened biodiversity [18, 19]. Even if all the safety principles are observed during application of these chemical pesticides, it is not possible to prevent the entry of these agents into water, air, soil, and the environment and prevent their toxicities and impacts on life forms [20]. However, one strategy to reduce the burden of complications of these agents can be using safer, more ecofriendly agents such as botanical pesticides [21, 22].

The sources of PM like Ibn Sina’s Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb have been used for centuries as a reference for medical knowledge, human health, and environmental sciences. Ibn Sina discussed the botanical pesticides and their formulations for pest control in the fourth volume of Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb [12, 23]. The present study revealed that Ibn Sina was cognizant of the importance of pest control for ensuring health and thus tried to control pests by prescribing natural agents. He prescribed medicinal plants to control pests. These natural agents that were used against different pests included 42 botanical agents.

Also, this study showed that Avicenna in Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb described the formulations for pest control agents. Primarily, the purpose of pesticide formulation is to facilitate transportation and application, modify properties, and increase the effect on pests while reducing damage to the health of humans, animals, and the environment [24, 25]. Incensing agents (Al-Bokhours), decoction spray agents (Al-Tabikhs), spreadable agents (Al-Efterashs), rubbing agents (Al-Taliyes or Al-Telas), smudging agents (Al-Latoukhs), and scent-dispersing agents (Al-Taqtiris) in Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb can be considered as equivalents of fumigants, aerosols, pastes and poisoned baits, lotion, cream, and slow-release formulations in today’s formulations, respectively.

By considering the many adverse effects and toxicities of today’s chemical pesticide agents, it is recommended to conduct more research on the usability and efficacy of natural agents such as medicinal plants for consumption as pesticides. Accordingly, with increasing scientific corroborating evidence in relation to the beneficial effects of medicinal plants as natural pesticide agents on the one hand and reducing the use of synthetic chemical compounds as pesticides on the other, we will be able to reduce the adverse consequences of pesticides and their toxicities to humans, wildlife, and the environment. Caution should always be exercised when using natural remedies, and indiscriminate use or failure to follow safe use instructions is never recommended. This study revealed that even in the Middle Ages, natural remedies such as medicinal plants were prescribed and used under the supervision of experts like Avicenna.

Funding

We would like to thank Babol University of Medical Sciences for financial support.

Declarations

Conflict of interest

M. Amrollahi-Sharifabadi, J. Rezaei Orimi, Z. Adabinia, T. Shakeri, Z. Aghabeiglooei, M. Hashemimehr and M. Rezghi declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethical standards

This study was registered under the ethical code IR.MUBABOL.HRI.REC.1401.040 in the Ethics Committee of Babol University of Medical Sciences.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Titel: Avicenna’s views on pest control and medicinal plants he prescribed as natural pesticides
verfasst von: Mohammad Amrollahi-Sharifabadi
Jamal Rezaei Orimi
Zahra Adabinia
Tahereh Shakeri
Zahra Aghabeiglooei
Mohammad Hashemimehr
Maedeh Rezghi, PhD
Publikationsdatum: 22.02.2024
Verlag: Springer Vienna
Schlagwort: Hygiene- und Umweltmedizin
Erschienen in: Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift / Ausgabe 13-14/2024
Print ISSN: 0043-5341
Elektronische ISSN: 1563-258X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-024-01034-y

Das zitternde Herz des Monarchen – Hintergründe zum Herzleiden von Kaiser Maximilian II

Open Access
Geschichte der Medizin
Redaktionstipp

The death of the Empress Elisabeth of Austria and Queen of Hungary—retold and reassessed with reconstruction of her autopsy

Open Access
Obduktion, Sektion, Autopsie
main topic

The pathological anatomical collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna

main topic

Pattern of bioterrorism in ancient times: lessons to be learned from the microbial and toxicological aspects

review

Medical history: news about Beethoven, Empress Elisabeth, and Maximillian II

editorial

Erratum zu: The death of the Empress Elisabeth of Austria and Queen of Hungary—retold and reassessed with reconstruction of her autopsy

Open Access
Erratum

Springer Medizin Österreich

Avicenna’s views on pest control and medicinal plants he prescribed as natural pesticides

Summary

Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies

Publisher’s Note

Introduction

Materials and methods

Results

Medicinal plants introduced as pesticides in Avicenna’s Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb

Types of strategies (formulations) for pesticide applications in Avicenna’s Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb

Incensing agents (Al-Bokhours)

Decoction spray agents (Al-Tabikhs)

Spreadable agents (Al-Efterashs)

Rubbing agents (Al-Taliyes or Al-Telas)

Smudging agents (Al-Latoukhs)

Scent-dispersing agents (Al-Taqtiris)

Discussion and conclusion

Funding

Declarations

Conflict of interest

Ethical standards

Publisher’s Note

Unsere Produktempfehlungen

Abo für kostenpflichtige Inhalte

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