Skip to main content
Erschienen in:

12.04.2019 | leitlinien für die praxis

Diagnostik und Therapie des Typ 1 Diabetes mellitus (Update 2019)

verfasst von: Monika Lechleitner, Susanne Kaser, Friedrich Hoppichler, Michael Roden, Raimund Weitgasser, Bernhard Ludvik, Peter Fasching, Yvonne Winhofer-Stöckl, Alexandra Kautzky-Willer, Guntram Schernthaner, Rudolf Prager, Thomas C. Wascher, Martin Clodi

Erschienen in: Wiener klinische Wochenschrift | Sonderheft 1/2019

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Die Leitlinie nimmt Bezug auf die Diagnostik, einschließlich begleitender Autoimmunerkrankungen, bei Typ 1 Diabetes mellitus, die Insulintherapie und die glykämischen Zielwerte.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat ADA. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:S13–S26.CrossRef ADA. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:S13–S26.CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LMB, Peters AL, Type 1 Diabetes Sourcebook Authors. Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:2034–54.CrossRef Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LMB, Peters AL, Type 1 Diabetes Sourcebook Authors. Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:2034–54.CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Buzzetti R, Zampetti S, Maddaloni E. Adults-onset autoimmune diabetes: current knowledge and implications for management. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13:674–86.CrossRef Buzzetti R, Zampetti S, Maddaloni E. Adults-onset autoimmune diabetes: current knowledge and implications for management. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13:674–86.CrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat DiMeglio LA, Evans-Molina C, Oram RA. Type 1 diabetes. Lancet. 2018;391:2449–62.CrossRef DiMeglio LA, Evans-Molina C, Oram RA. Type 1 diabetes. Lancet. 2018;391:2449–62.CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group, Dabelea D, Rewers A, Stafford JM, et al. Trends in the prevalence of ketoacidosis in diabetes diagnosis: the SEARCH for Diabetes in the Youth Study. Pediatr Electron Pages. 2014;133:e938–45. SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group, Dabelea D, Rewers A, Stafford JM, et al. Trends in the prevalence of ketoacidosis in diabetes diagnosis: the SEARCH for Diabetes in the Youth Study. Pediatr Electron Pages. 2014;133:e938–45.
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Ziegler AG, Rewers M, Simell O, et al. Seroconversion to multiple islet autoantibodies and its progression to diabetes. JAMA. 2013;309:2473–4.CrossRef Ziegler AG, Rewers M, Simell O, et al. Seroconversion to multiple islet autoantibodies and its progression to diabetes. JAMA. 2013;309:2473–4.CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Mbanya CN, Motala AA, Sobngwi W, Assah FK, Enaru ST. Diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet. 2010;375:2254–66.CrossRef Mbanya CN, Motala AA, Sobngwi W, Assah FK, Enaru ST. Diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet. 2010;375:2254–66.CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Laugensen E, Ostergaard JA, Leslie RD, Danish Diabetes Academy Workshop and Workshop Speakers. Latent autoimmune diabetes of the adults: current knowledge and uncertainity. Diabetes Med. 2015;32:843–53.CrossRef Laugensen E, Ostergaard JA, Leslie RD, Danish Diabetes Academy Workshop and Workshop Speakers. Latent autoimmune diabetes of the adults: current knowledge and uncertainity. Diabetes Med. 2015;32:843–53.CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Buzzetti R, Zampetti S, Maddaloni E. Adult-onset autoimmune diabetes: current knowledge and implications for management. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13:674–86.CrossRef Buzzetti R, Zampetti S, Maddaloni E. Adult-onset autoimmune diabetes: current knowledge and implications for management. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13:674–86.CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Zaharia OP, Bobrov P, STrassburger K, Bodis K, Karusheva Y, Scholz M, Markgraf DF, Burkart V, Schloot NC, Müssig K, Szendroedi J, Roden M, GDS Group. Metabolic characteristics of recently diagnosed adult-onset autoimmune diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103:429–37.CrossRef Zaharia OP, Bobrov P, STrassburger K, Bodis K, Karusheva Y, Scholz M, Markgraf DF, Burkart V, Schloot NC, Müssig K, Szendroedi J, Roden M, GDS Group. Metabolic characteristics of recently diagnosed adult-onset autoimmune diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103:429–37.CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Cervin C, Lyssenko V, Bakhtadze E, et al. Genetic similarities between latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, type 1, and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2008;57:1433–7.CrossRef Cervin C, Lyssenko V, Bakhtadze E, et al. Genetic similarities between latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, type 1, and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2008;57:1433–7.CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheng A, Hanna A, Kader T, Richardson S. Insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes. 2008. S. 46–52. Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Cheng A, Hanna A, Kader T, Richardson S. Insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes. 2008. S. 46–52. Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee.
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Mathieu C, Gillard P, Benhalima K. Insulin analogues in type 1 diabetes mellitus: getting better all the time. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13:385–99.CrossRef Mathieu C, Gillard P, Benhalima K. Insulin analogues in type 1 diabetes mellitus: getting better all the time. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13:385–99.CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Kristensen PL, Beck-Nielsen H, Norgaard K, Perrild H, Christiansen JS, Jensen T, Hougaard P, Parvin HH, Thorsteinsson B, Tarnow L. Effect of insulin analogues on risk of severe hypoglycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes prone to recurrent severe hypoglycaemia (HypoAna trial): a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint crossover trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:553–61.CrossRef Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Kristensen PL, Beck-Nielsen H, Norgaard K, Perrild H, Christiansen JS, Jensen T, Hougaard P, Parvin HH, Thorsteinsson B, Tarnow L. Effect of insulin analogues on risk of severe hypoglycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes prone to recurrent severe hypoglycaemia (HypoAna trial): a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint crossover trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:553–61.CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Agesen RM, Kristensen PL, Beck-Nielsen H, Norgaard K, Perrild H, Christiansen JS, Jensen T, Hougaard P, Parving HH, Thorsteinsson B, Tranow L, Pedersen-Biergaard U. Effect of insulin analogues on frequency of non-severe hypoglycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes prone to severe hypoglycaemia: the HypoAna trial. Diabetes Metab. 2016;42:249–55.CrossRef Agesen RM, Kristensen PL, Beck-Nielsen H, Norgaard K, Perrild H, Christiansen JS, Jensen T, Hougaard P, Parving HH, Thorsteinsson B, Tranow L, Pedersen-Biergaard U. Effect of insulin analogues on frequency of non-severe hypoglycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes prone to severe hypoglycaemia: the HypoAna trial. Diabetes Metab. 2016;42:249–55.CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Kristensen PL, Tarnow L, Bay C, Norgaard K, Jensen T, Parving HH, Perrild H, Beck-Nielsen H, Christiansen JS, Thorsteinsson B, Pedersen-Bjegaard U. Comparing effects of insulin analogues and human insulin on nocturnal glycaemia in hypoglycaemia-prone people with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2017;34:625–31.CrossRef Kristensen PL, Tarnow L, Bay C, Norgaard K, Jensen T, Parving HH, Perrild H, Beck-Nielsen H, Christiansen JS, Thorsteinsson B, Pedersen-Bjegaard U. Comparing effects of insulin analogues and human insulin on nocturnal glycaemia in hypoglycaemia-prone people with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2017;34:625–31.CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Basu A, Pieber TR, Hansen AK, SAch-Friedl S, Erichsen L, Basu R, Haahr H. Greater early postprandial suppression of endogenous glucose production and higher initial glucose disappearance is achieved with fast-acting insulin aspart compared with insulin aspart. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20:1615–22.CrossRef Basu A, Pieber TR, Hansen AK, SAch-Friedl S, Erichsen L, Basu R, Haahr H. Greater early postprandial suppression of endogenous glucose production and higher initial glucose disappearance is achieved with fast-acting insulin aspart compared with insulin aspart. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20:1615–22.CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Russel-Jones D, Bode BW, DeBlock C, Franek E, Heller SR, Mathieu C, Philis-Tsimikas A, Rose L, Woo VC, Osterskov AB, Graungaard T, Bergenstal RM. Fast-acting insulin aspart improves glycemic control in basal-bolus treatment for type 1 diabetes: results of a 26-week multicenter, active-controlled, treat-to-target, randomized, parallel-group trial (onset 1). Diabetes Care. 2017;40:943–50.CrossRef Russel-Jones D, Bode BW, DeBlock C, Franek E, Heller SR, Mathieu C, Philis-Tsimikas A, Rose L, Woo VC, Osterskov AB, Graungaard T, Bergenstal RM. Fast-acting insulin aspart improves glycemic control in basal-bolus treatment for type 1 diabetes: results of a 26-week multicenter, active-controlled, treat-to-target, randomized, parallel-group trial (onset 1). Diabetes Care. 2017;40:943–50.CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Bowering K, Case C, Harvey J, Reeves M, Sampson M, Strzinek R, Bretler DM, Bang RB, Bode BW. Faster aspart versus insulin aspart as part of a basal-bolus regimen in inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes: the onset 2trial. Diabetes Care. 2017;40:951–7.CrossRef Bowering K, Case C, Harvey J, Reeves M, Sampson M, Strzinek R, Bretler DM, Bang RB, Bode BW. Faster aspart versus insulin aspart as part of a basal-bolus regimen in inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes: the onset 2trial. Diabetes Care. 2017;40:951–7.CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Poon K, King AB. Glargine and detemir: safety and efficacy profiles of the long-acting basal insulin analogues. Drug Healthc Patient Saf. 2010;2:213–23.PubMedPubMedCentral Poon K, King AB. Glargine and detemir: safety and efficacy profiles of the long-acting basal insulin analogues. Drug Healthc Patient Saf. 2010;2:213–23.PubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Monami M, Marchionni N, Mannucci E. Long-acting insulin analogues versus NPH insulin in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;81:184–9.CrossRef Monami M, Marchionni N, Mannucci E. Long-acting insulin analogues versus NPH insulin in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;81:184–9.CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Vague P, Selam JL, Skeie S, et al. Insulin detemir is associated with more predictable glycemic control and reduced risk of hypoglycemia than NPH insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes on a basal-bolus regimen with premeal aspart. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:590–6.CrossRef Vague P, Selam JL, Skeie S, et al. Insulin detemir is associated with more predictable glycemic control and reduced risk of hypoglycemia than NPH insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes on a basal-bolus regimen with premeal aspart. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:590–6.CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Woo VC. A review of the clinical efficacy and safety of insulin degludec and glargine 300 U/mL in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther. 2017;39:S12–S33.CrossRef Woo VC. A review of the clinical efficacy and safety of insulin degludec and glargine 300 U/mL in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther. 2017;39:S12–S33.CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Blair HA, Keating GM. Insulin Glargine 300 U/mL: a review in diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 2016;76:363–74.CrossRef Blair HA, Keating GM. Insulin Glargine 300 U/mL: a review in diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 2016;76:363–74.CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Robinson JD, Neumiller JJ, Campbell RK. Can a new ultra-long-acting insulin analogue improve patient care? Investigating the potential role of insulin deglutec? Drugs. 2012;72:2319–25.CrossRef Robinson JD, Neumiller JJ, Campbell RK. Can a new ultra-long-acting insulin analogue improve patient care? Investigating the potential role of insulin deglutec? Drugs. 2012;72:2319–25.CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Lamos EM, Younk LM, Davis STN. Concentrated insulins: the new basal insulins. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2016;12:389–400.PubMedPubMedCentral Lamos EM, Younk LM, Davis STN. Concentrated insulins: the new basal insulins. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2016;12:389–400.PubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Bergenstal RM, Bailey TS, Rodbard D, Ziemen M, Guo H, et al. Comparison of insulin glargine 300 units/mL and 100 units/mL in adults with type 1 diabetes: continuous glucose monitoring profiles and variability using morning or evening injections. Diabetes Care. 2017;40:554–60.CrossRef Bergenstal RM, Bailey TS, Rodbard D, Ziemen M, Guo H, et al. Comparison of insulin glargine 300 units/mL and 100 units/mL in adults with type 1 diabetes: continuous glucose monitoring profiles and variability using morning or evening injections. Diabetes Care. 2017;40:554–60.CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodacki M, Carvalho RM, Zajdenverg L. The potential effect of ultra-long insulin degludec on glycaemic variability. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;133:92–103.CrossRef Rodacki M, Carvalho RM, Zajdenverg L. The potential effect of ultra-long insulin degludec on glycaemic variability. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;133:92–103.CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat But A, De Bruin ML, Bazelier MT, et al. Cancer risk among insulin users: comparing analogues with human insulin in the CARING five-country cohort study. Diabetologia. 2017;60:1691–703.CrossRef But A, De Bruin ML, Bazelier MT, et al. Cancer risk among insulin users: comparing analogues with human insulin in the CARING five-country cohort study. Diabetologia. 2017;60:1691–703.CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Degaard A, Lynggaard H, Rastam A, et al. No evidence of inscreased risk of malignancies in patients with diabetes treated with insulin detemir: a meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2009;52:2507–12.CrossRef Degaard A, Lynggaard H, Rastam A, et al. No evidence of inscreased risk of malignancies in patients with diabetes treated with insulin detemir: a meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2009;52:2507–12.CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977–88.CrossRef The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977–88.CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group, Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlung JYC, et al. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2643–53.CrossRef Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group, Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlung JYC, et al. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2643–53.CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Diabetes Control and Complications trial (DCCT), Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Study Research Group. Mortality in type 1 diabetes in the DCCT/EDIC versus the general populations. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:1378–83. Diabetes Control and Complications trial (DCCT), Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Study Research Group. Mortality in type 1 diabetes in the DCCT/EDIC versus the general populations. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:1378–83.
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Kryszynska YT, Home PD, Hanning I, Alberti KGMM. Basal and 24-h C‑peptide and insulin secretion rate in nomal man. Diabetologia. 1987;30:16–21.CrossRef Kryszynska YT, Home PD, Hanning I, Alberti KGMM. Basal and 24-h C‑peptide and insulin secretion rate in nomal man. Diabetologia. 1987;30:16–21.CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Gruden G, Giunti S, Baritta F, et al. QTc interval prolongation is independently associated with severe hypoglycemic attacks in type 1 diabetes from the EURODIAB IDDM complications study. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:125–7.CrossRef Gruden G, Giunti S, Baritta F, et al. QTc interval prolongation is independently associated with severe hypoglycemic attacks in type 1 diabetes from the EURODIAB IDDM complications study. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:125–7.CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Pozzili P, Guglielmi C, Caprio S, Buzzetti R. Obesity, autoimmunity, and double diabetes in youth. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(Suppl 2):S166–S70.CrossRef Pozzili P, Guglielmi C, Caprio S, Buzzetti R. Obesity, autoimmunity, and double diabetes in youth. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(Suppl 2):S166–S70.CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Merger SR, Kerner W, Stadler M, Zeyfang A, Jehle P, Müller-Korbsch M, Holl RW, DPD Initiative, German Competence Network Diabetes mellitus. Prevalence and comorbidities of double diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;119:48–56.CrossRef Merger SR, Kerner W, Stadler M, Zeyfang A, Jehle P, Müller-Korbsch M, Holl RW, DPD Initiative, German Competence Network Diabetes mellitus. Prevalence and comorbidities of double diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;119:48–56.CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Nwosi BU, Maranda L, Cullen K, Greenman L, Flechman L, McShea N, Barton BA, Lee MM. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive metformin therapy in overweight/obese youth with type 1 diabetes. PLoS One. 2015;10:e137525.CrossRef Nwosi BU, Maranda L, Cullen K, Greenman L, Flechman L, McShea N, Barton BA, Lee MM. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive metformin therapy in overweight/obese youth with type 1 diabetes. PLoS One. 2015;10:e137525.CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Van den Driessche A, Eenkhoorn V, Van Gaal L, De Block C. Type 1 diabetes and autoimmune polyglandular syndrome: a clinical review. Neth J Med. 2009;67:376–87.PubMed Van den Driessche A, Eenkhoorn V, Van Gaal L, De Block C. Type 1 diabetes and autoimmune polyglandular syndrome: a clinical review. Neth J Med. 2009;67:376–87.PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Heukamp I, Then C, Lechner A, Seissler J. Update Typ-1-Diabetes. Internist. 2013;54:201–16.CrossRef Heukamp I, Then C, Lechner A, Seissler J. Update Typ-1-Diabetes. Internist. 2013;54:201–16.CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Schott M, Seissler J. Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes. In: Renz H, Hrsg. Autoimmune diagnostics. Berlin: De Gruyter; 2012. S. S177–S89. Schott M, Seissler J. Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes. In: Renz H, Hrsg. Autoimmune diagnostics. Berlin: De Gruyter; 2012. S. S177–S89.
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Shun CB, Donaghue KC, Phelan H, Twigg SM, Craig ME. Thyroid autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2014;31:126–35.CrossRef Shun CB, Donaghue KC, Phelan H, Twigg SM, Craig ME. Thyroid autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2014;31:126–35.CrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Eisenbarth GS, Gottlieb PA. Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2068–79.CrossRef Eisenbarth GS, Gottlieb PA. Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2068–79.CrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Barker JM, Yu L, et al. Autoantibody “subspecificity” in type 1 diabetes: risk for organ-specific autoimmunity clusters in distinct groups. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:850–5.CrossRef Barker JM, Yu L, et al. Autoantibody “subspecificity” in type 1 diabetes: risk for organ-specific autoimmunity clusters in distinct groups. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:850–5.CrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Aaltonen J, Bjorses P, Sandkuijl L, Perheentupa J, Peltonen L. An autosomal locus causing autoimmune disease: autoimmune polyglandular disease type 1 assigned to chromosome 21. Nat Genet. 1994;8:83–7.CrossRef Aaltonen J, Bjorses P, Sandkuijl L, Perheentupa J, Peltonen L. An autosomal locus causing autoimmune disease: autoimmune polyglandular disease type 1 assigned to chromosome 21. Nat Genet. 1994;8:83–7.CrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Triolo TM, Armstrong TK, McFann K, Yu L, Rewers MJ, Klingensmith GJ, Eisenbarth GS, Barker JM. Additional autoimmune disease found in 33% of patients at type 1 diabetes onset. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:1211–3.CrossRef Triolo TM, Armstrong TK, McFann K, Yu L, Rewers MJ, Klingensmith GJ, Eisenbarth GS, Barker JM. Additional autoimmune disease found in 33% of patients at type 1 diabetes onset. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:1211–3.CrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Umipierrez GE, Latif KA, Murphy MB, et al. Thyroid dysfunction in patients with type 1 diabetes: a longitudinal study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1181–5.CrossRef Umipierrez GE, Latif KA, Murphy MB, et al. Thyroid dysfunction in patients with type 1 diabetes: a longitudinal study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1181–5.CrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Kordonouri O, Maguire AM, Knip M, Schober E, Lorini R, Holl RW, Donaghue KC, Other complications and associated conditions. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2006–2007. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007;8:171–6.CrossRef Kordonouri O, Maguire AM, Knip M, Schober E, Lorini R, Holl RW, Donaghue KC, Other complications and associated conditions. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2006–2007. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007;8:171–6.CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Lampasona V, Bonfanti R, Bazzigaluppi E, et al. Antibodies to tissue transglutaminase C in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 1999;42:1195–8.CrossRef Lampasona V, Bonfanti R, Bazzigaluppi E, et al. Antibodies to tissue transglutaminase C in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 1999;42:1195–8.CrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Hogg-Kollars S, Al Dulaimi D, Tait K, Rostami K. Type 1 diabetes mellitus and gluten induced disorders. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2014;7:189–97.PubMedPubMedCentral Hogg-Kollars S, Al Dulaimi D, Tait K, Rostami K. Type 1 diabetes mellitus and gluten induced disorders. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2014;7:189–97.PubMedPubMedCentral
52.
Zurück zum Zitat DeBlock C, de Leeuw I, Bogers J, et al. Autoimmune gastropathy in type 1 diabetic patients with parietal cell antibodies: histological and clinical findings. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:82–8.CrossRef DeBlock C, de Leeuw I, Bogers J, et al. Autoimmune gastropathy in type 1 diabetic patients with parietal cell antibodies: histological and clinical findings. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:82–8.CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Betterle C, Scalici C, Presotto F, et al. The natural history of adrenal function in autoimmune patients with adrenal autoantibodies. J Endocrinol. 1988;117:467–75.CrossRef Betterle C, Scalici C, Presotto F, et al. The natural history of adrenal function in autoimmune patients with adrenal autoantibodies. J Endocrinol. 1988;117:467–75.CrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Gawkrodger DJ, Ormerod AD, Shaw L, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and management of vitiligo. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:1051–76.CrossRef Gawkrodger DJ, Ormerod AD, Shaw L, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and management of vitiligo. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:1051–76.CrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Valletta E, Fornaro M, Pecori S, Zanoni G. Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency and celiac disease: let’s give serology a chance. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2011;21:242–4.PubMed Valletta E, Fornaro M, Pecori S, Zanoni G. Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency and celiac disease: let’s give serology a chance. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2011;21:242–4.PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Schober E, Bittmann B, Granditsch G, Huber VVD, Hüppe A, Jäger A, Oberhuber G, Rami B, Reichel G. Screening by enti-endomysium antibody for celiac disease in diabetic children and adolescents in Austria. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;30:391–6.CrossRef Schober E, Bittmann B, Granditsch G, Huber VVD, Hüppe A, Jäger A, Oberhuber G, Rami B, Reichel G. Screening by enti-endomysium antibody for celiac disease in diabetic children and adolescents in Austria. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;30:391–6.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Diagnostik und Therapie des Typ 1 Diabetes mellitus (Update 2019)
verfasst von
Monika Lechleitner
Susanne Kaser
Friedrich Hoppichler
Michael Roden
Raimund Weitgasser
Bernhard Ludvik
Peter Fasching
Yvonne Winhofer-Stöckl
Alexandra Kautzky-Willer
Guntram Schernthaner
Rudolf Prager
Thomas C. Wascher
Martin Clodi
Publikationsdatum
12.04.2019
Verlag
Springer Vienna
Erschienen in
Wiener klinische Wochenschrift / Ausgabe Sonderheft 1/2019
Print ISSN: 0043-5325
Elektronische ISSN: 1613-7671
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-019-1493-6