Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 1/2019

12.04.2019 | leitlinien für die praxis

Diabetische Neuropathie und diabetischer Fuß (Update 2019)

verfasst von: Monika Lechleitner, Heidemarie Abrahamian, Claudia Francesconi, Markus Kofler, Wolfgang Sturm, Gerd Köhler

Erschienen in: Wiener klinische Wochenschrift | Sonderheft 1/2019

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Der Begriff der diabetischen Neuropathie umfasst Mono- und Polyneuropathieformen, die diabetische Plexopathie, Radikulopathie und die autonome Neuropathie. Die Leitlinienempfehlungen beschreiben die klinischen Symptome und diagnostischen Möglichkeiten, sowie die Therapiemaßnahmen insbesondere bei der schmerzhaften Form der sensomotorischen Neuropathie, einschließlich der komplexen Problematik des diabetischen Fußes.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat American Diabetes Association. Microvascular complications and foot care. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(Suppl 1):S105–S18.CrossRef American Diabetes Association. Microvascular complications and foot care. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(Suppl 1):S105–S18.CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Ziegler D, Gries FA. Epidemiologie der peripheren diabetischen Neuropathie. Diabetes Stoffwechs. 1992;1:24–8. Ziegler D, Gries FA. Epidemiologie der peripheren diabetischen Neuropathie. Diabetes Stoffwechs. 1992;1:24–8.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Callaghan BC, Cheng HAT, Stables CL, Smith AL, Feldman EL. Diabetic neuropathy: clinical manifestations and current treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11:521–34.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Callaghan BC, Cheng HAT, Stables CL, Smith AL, Feldman EL. Diabetic neuropathy: clinical manifestations and current treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11:521–34.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Young MJ, Boulton AJM, Mac IEO, et al. A multicenter study of the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the United Kingdom hospital population. Diabetologia. 1993;36:150–4.PubMedCrossRef Young MJ, Boulton AJM, Mac IEO, et al. A multicenter study of the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the United Kingdom hospital population. Diabetologia. 1993;36:150–4.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Ziegler D, Rathmann W, Dickhaus T, Meisinger C, Mielck A, KORA Study Group. Neuropathic pain in diabetes, prediabetes and normal glucose tolerance: the MONICA/KORA Augsburg Survey S2 and S3. Pain Med. 2009;10:393–400.PubMedCrossRef Ziegler D, Rathmann W, Dickhaus T, Meisinger C, Mielck A, KORA Study Group. Neuropathic pain in diabetes, prediabetes and normal glucose tolerance: the MONICA/KORA Augsburg Survey S2 and S3. Pain Med. 2009;10:393–400.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Abbott CA, Malik RA, van Ross ER, Kulkarni J, Boultin AJ. Prevalence and characteristics of painful diabetic neuropathy in a large community-based diabetic population in the U.K. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2220–4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Abbott CA, Malik RA, van Ross ER, Kulkarni J, Boultin AJ. Prevalence and characteristics of painful diabetic neuropathy in a large community-based diabetic population in the U.K. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2220–4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dyck PJ, Freeman R, Horowitz M, Kempler P, Lauria G, Malik RA, Spallone V, Vinik A, Bernardi L, Valensi P. Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2285–93.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dyck PJ, Freeman R, Horowitz M, Kempler P, Lauria G, Malik RA, Spallone V, Vinik A, Bernardi L, Valensi P. Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2285–93.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Guastella V, Mick G. Strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of neuropathic pain secondary to diabetic peripheral sensory polyneuropathy. Diabetes Metab. 2009;35:12–9.PubMedCrossRef Guastella V, Mick G. Strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of neuropathic pain secondary to diabetic peripheral sensory polyneuropathy. Diabetes Metab. 2009;35:12–9.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Davies M, Brophy S, Williams R, Taylor A. The prevalence, severity, and impact of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1518–22.PubMedCrossRef Davies M, Brophy S, Williams R, Taylor A. The prevalence, severity, and impact of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1518–22.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Dyck PJ, Karnes JL, O’Brien PC, et al. The Rochester diabetic neuropathy study: reassessment of tests and criteria for diagnosis and staged severity. Neurology. 1992;42:1164–70.PubMedCrossRef Dyck PJ, Karnes JL, O’Brien PC, et al. The Rochester diabetic neuropathy study: reassessment of tests and criteria for diagnosis and staged severity. Neurology. 1992;42:1164–70.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Dyck PJ, Kratz KM, Karnes JL, et al. The prevalence by staged severity of various types of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy in a population-based cohort: the Rochester diabetic neuropathy study. Neurology. 1993;43:817–24.PubMedCrossRef Dyck PJ, Kratz KM, Karnes JL, et al. The prevalence by staged severity of various types of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy in a population-based cohort: the Rochester diabetic neuropathy study. Neurology. 1993;43:817–24.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Maser RE, Steenkiste AR, Dorman JS, et al. Epidemiological correlates of diabetic neuropathy. Report from Pittsburgh epidemiology of diabetes complication study. Diabetes. 1989;38:1456–61.PubMedCrossRef Maser RE, Steenkiste AR, Dorman JS, et al. Epidemiological correlates of diabetic neuropathy. Report from Pittsburgh epidemiology of diabetes complication study. Diabetes. 1989;38:1456–61.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Van de Pollyranse LV, Valk GD, Renders CM, Heine RJ, Eijk JTM. Longitudinal assessment of the development of diabetic polyneuropathies and associated risk factors. Diabet Med. 2003;19:771–9. Van de Pollyranse LV, Valk GD, Renders CM, Heine RJ, Eijk JTM. Longitudinal assessment of the development of diabetic polyneuropathies and associated risk factors. Diabet Med. 2003;19:771–9.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Tesfaye S, Selvarajah D. Advances in the epidemiology, pathogenesis and management of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012;28(Suppl 1):8–14.PubMedCrossRef Tesfaye S, Selvarajah D. Advances in the epidemiology, pathogenesis and management of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012;28(Suppl 1):8–14.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Sima AA, Sugimoto K. Experimental diabetic neuropathy. An update. Diabetologia. 1999;42:773–88.PubMedCrossRef Sima AA, Sugimoto K. Experimental diabetic neuropathy. An update. Diabetologia. 1999;42:773–88.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Vincent AM, Callaghan BC, Smith AL, Feldman EL. Diabetic neuropathy: cellular mechanism as therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Neurol. 2011;7:573–83.PubMedCrossRef Vincent AM, Callaghan BC, Smith AL, Feldman EL. Diabetic neuropathy: cellular mechanism as therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Neurol. 2011;7:573–83.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Yagihashi S, Yamagishi SI, Wada RI, et al. Neuropathy in diabetic mice overexpressing human aldose reductase and effects of aldose reductase inhibitor. Brain. 2001;124:2448–58.PubMedCrossRef Yagihashi S, Yamagishi SI, Wada RI, et al. Neuropathy in diabetic mice overexpressing human aldose reductase and effects of aldose reductase inhibitor. Brain. 2001;124:2448–58.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoeldike RD, Bryner KD, Van Dyke K. Oxidative stress and autonomic nerve function in early type 1 diabetes. Clin Auton Res. 2011;21:19–28.CrossRef Hoeldike RD, Bryner KD, Van Dyke K. Oxidative stress and autonomic nerve function in early type 1 diabetes. Clin Auton Res. 2011;21:19–28.CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Doupis J, Lyons TE, Wu S, Gnardellis C, Dinh T, Veves A. Microvascular reactivity and inflammatory cytokines in painful and painless peripheral diabetic neuropathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:2157–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Doupis J, Lyons TE, Wu S, Gnardellis C, Dinh T, Veves A. Microvascular reactivity and inflammatory cytokines in painful and painless peripheral diabetic neuropathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:2157–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Ziegler D. Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Curr Diab Rep. 2011;3:216–27. Ziegler D. Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Curr Diab Rep. 2011;3:216–27.
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Vinik AI, Maser RE, Mitchell BD, Freema R. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1553–79.PubMedCrossRef Vinik AI, Maser RE, Mitchell BD, Freema R. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1553–79.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Tesfaye S, Vileikyte L, Rayman G, et al. On behalf of the toronto expert panel on diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2011;27:629–38.PubMedCrossRef Tesfaye S, Vileikyte L, Rayman G, et al. On behalf of the toronto expert panel on diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2011;27:629–38.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Mueller MJ. Identifying patients with diabetes mellitus who are at risk for lower-extremity complications: use of Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments. Phys Ther. 1996;76:68–71.PubMedCrossRef Mueller MJ. Identifying patients with diabetes mellitus who are at risk for lower-extremity complications: use of Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments. Phys Ther. 1996;76:68–71.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Meijer JW, Bosma E, Leprandt JD, Links TP, Smit AJ, Stewart RE, Van Der Hoeven JH, Hoogenberg K. Clinical diagnosis of diabetic polyneuropathy with the diabetic neuropathy symptoms and diabetic neuropathy examination score. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:697–701.PubMedCrossRef Meijer JW, Bosma E, Leprandt JD, Links TP, Smit AJ, Stewart RE, Van Der Hoeven JH, Hoogenberg K. Clinical diagnosis of diabetic polyneuropathy with the diabetic neuropathy symptoms and diabetic neuropathy examination score. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:697–701.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Rahman M, Griffin SJ, Rathman W, Wareham NJ. How should peripheral neuropathy be assessed in people with diabetes in primary care? A population-bases comparison of four measures. Diabet Med. 2003;20:368–74.PubMedCrossRef Rahman M, Griffin SJ, Rathman W, Wareham NJ. How should peripheral neuropathy be assessed in people with diabetes in primary care? A population-bases comparison of four measures. Diabet Med. 2003;20:368–74.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Zochodne DW. Diabetes mellitus and the peripheral nervous system: Manifestations and mechanisms. Muscle Nerve. 2007;36:144–66.PubMedCrossRef Zochodne DW. Diabetes mellitus and the peripheral nervous system: Manifestations and mechanisms. Muscle Nerve. 2007;36:144–66.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Feldman EL. A practical two-step quantitative clinical and electrophysiological assessment for the diagnosis and staging of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 1994;17:1281–9.PubMedCrossRef Feldman EL. A practical two-step quantitative clinical and electrophysiological assessment for the diagnosis and staging of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 1994;17:1281–9.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Bril V, England JD, Franklin GM, Backonja M, Cohen JA, Del Toro DR, Feldman EL, Iverson DJ, Perkins B, Russell JW, Zochodne DW. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy—report of the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, the American Academy of Neurology, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine& Rehabilitation. Muscle Nerve. 2011;43:910–7.PubMedCrossRef Bril V, England JD, Franklin GM, Backonja M, Cohen JA, Del Toro DR, Feldman EL, Iverson DJ, Perkins B, Russell JW, Zochodne DW. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy—report of the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, the American Academy of Neurology, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine& Rehabilitation. Muscle Nerve. 2011;43:910–7.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Bolton CF, Remtulla H, Toth B, Bernardi L, Lindsay RM, Maryniak O, Burton SR. Distinctive electrophysiological features of denervated muscle in uremic patients. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1997;14:539–42.PubMedCrossRef Bolton CF, Remtulla H, Toth B, Bernardi L, Lindsay RM, Maryniak O, Burton SR. Distinctive electrophysiological features of denervated muscle in uremic patients. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1997;14:539–42.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Lauria G, Hsieh ST, Johansson O, Kennedy WR, Leger JM, Mellgren SI, Nolano M, Merkies ISJ, Polydefkis M, Smith AG, Sommer C, Valls-Solé J. European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society Guideline on the use of skin biopsy in the diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy. Report of a joint task force of the European Federation of Neurological Societies and the Peripheral Nerve Society. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:903–912, e44-9.PubMedCrossRef Lauria G, Hsieh ST, Johansson O, Kennedy WR, Leger JM, Mellgren SI, Nolano M, Merkies ISJ, Polydefkis M, Smith AG, Sommer C, Valls-Solé J. European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society Guideline on the use of skin biopsy in the diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy. Report of a joint task force of the European Federation of Neurological Societies and the Peripheral Nerve Society. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:903–912, e44-9.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Malik RA, Kallinikos P, Abbott CA, van Schie CH, Morgan P, Efron N, Boulton AJ. Corneal confocal microscopy: a non-invasive surrogate of nerve fibre damage and repair in diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 2003;46:683–8.PubMedCrossRef Malik RA, Kallinikos P, Abbott CA, van Schie CH, Morgan P, Efron N, Boulton AJ. Corneal confocal microscopy: a non-invasive surrogate of nerve fibre damage and repair in diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 2003;46:683–8.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Diabetes Control and Complication Trial Research Group.. The effects of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progressive of long term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977–86.CrossRef Diabetes Control and Complication Trial Research Group.. The effects of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progressive of long term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977–86.CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin CL, Albers J, Herman WH, et al. Neuropathy among the diabetes control and complications trial cohort 8 years after trial. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:340–4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Martin CL, Albers J, Herman WH, et al. Neuropathy among the diabetes control and complications trial cohort 8 years after trial. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:340–4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Gremizzi C, Vergani A, Paloschi V, Secchi A. Impact of pancreas transplantation on type 1 diabetes-related complications. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2010;15:119–23.PubMedCrossRef Gremizzi C, Vergani A, Paloschi V, Secchi A. Impact of pancreas transplantation on type 1 diabetes-related complications. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2010;15:119–23.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat UK Prospective Diabetes (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulfonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and rate of complication in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;12:837–63. UK Prospective Diabetes (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulfonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and rate of complication in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;12:837–63.
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethal MA, et al. 10-years follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1577–84.PubMedCrossRef Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethal MA, et al. 10-years follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1577–84.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Amthor KF, Dahl-Jorgensen K, Berg TJ, et al. The effect of 8 years of strict glycaemic control on peripheral nerve function in IDDM patients. The Oslo study. Diabetologia. 1994;37:579–84.PubMedCrossRef Amthor KF, Dahl-Jorgensen K, Berg TJ, et al. The effect of 8 years of strict glycaemic control on peripheral nerve function in IDDM patients. The Oslo study. Diabetologia. 1994;37:579–84.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Reichard P, Pihl M, Rosenqvist U, Sule J. Complications in IDDM are caused by elevated blood glucose levels:the Stockholm Diabetes Intervention Study (SDIS) at 10-years follow up. Diabetologia. 1996;31:1483–8.CrossRef Reichard P, Pihl M, Rosenqvist U, Sule J. Complications in IDDM are caused by elevated blood glucose levels:the Stockholm Diabetes Intervention Study (SDIS) at 10-years follow up. Diabetologia. 1996;31:1483–8.CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcome in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2560–72.CrossRef ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcome in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2560–72.CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Intensive glucose control and complications in American Veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;8:129–39.CrossRef Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Intensive glucose control and complications in American Veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;8:129–39.CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Ziegler D. Treatment of diabetic neuropathy and neuropathic pain. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(Suppl 2):255–61. Ziegler D. Treatment of diabetic neuropathy and neuropathic pain. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(Suppl 2):255–61.
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Ziegler D, Low PA, Litchy WJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of antioxidant treatment with alpha-lipoic acid over 4 years in diabetic polyneuropathy: the Nathan 1 trial. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2054–60.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ziegler D, Low PA, Litchy WJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of antioxidant treatment with alpha-lipoic acid over 4 years in diabetic polyneuropathy: the Nathan 1 trial. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2054–60.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat McIlduff CE, Rutkove SB. Critical appraisal of the use of alpha lipoic acid (thioctic acid) in the treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2011;7:377–85.PubMedPubMedCentral McIlduff CE, Rutkove SB. Critical appraisal of the use of alpha lipoic acid (thioctic acid) in the treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2011;7:377–85.PubMedPubMedCentral
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Agathos E, Tentolouris A, Eleftheriadou I, KAtsaouni P, Nemtzas I, Petrou A, Papanikolaou C, Tentolouris N. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on symptoms and quality of life in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. J Int Med Res. 2018;46:1779–90.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Agathos E, Tentolouris A, Eleftheriadou I, KAtsaouni P, Nemtzas I, Petrou A, Papanikolaou C, Tentolouris N. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on symptoms and quality of life in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. J Int Med Res. 2018;46:1779–90.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Ziegler D, Fonseca V. From guideline to patient: a review of recent recommendations for pharmacotherapy of painful diabetic neuropathy. J Diabetes Complicat. 2015;29:146–56.PubMedCrossRef Ziegler D, Fonseca V. From guideline to patient: a review of recent recommendations for pharmacotherapy of painful diabetic neuropathy. J Diabetes Complicat. 2015;29:146–56.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Snedcor SJ, Sudharshan L, Cappelleri JC, Sadosky A, Mehta S, Botteman M. Systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological therapies for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Pain Pract. 2014;14:167–84.CrossRef Snedcor SJ, Sudharshan L, Cappelleri JC, Sadosky A, Mehta S, Botteman M. Systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological therapies for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Pain Pract. 2014;14:167–84.CrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Singh N, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA. Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. J Am Med Assoc. 2005;293:217–28.CrossRef Singh N, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA. Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. J Am Med Assoc. 2005;293:217–28.CrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Jeffcoate WJ, Vileikyte L, Boyko EJ, Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM. Current challenges and opportunities in the prevention and management of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:645–52.PubMedCrossRef Jeffcoate WJ, Vileikyte L, Boyko EJ, Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM. Current challenges and opportunities in the prevention and management of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:645–52.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramsey SD, Newton K, Blough D, et al. Incidence, outcomes, and cost of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:382–7.PubMedCrossRef Ramsey SD, Newton K, Blough D, et al. Incidence, outcomes, and cost of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:382–7.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Jude EB, Oyibo S, Chalmers N, Boulton AJM. Peripheral arterial disease in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1433–7.PubMedCrossRef Jude EB, Oyibo S, Chalmers N, Boulton AJM. Peripheral arterial disease in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1433–7.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Bakker K, Apelqvist J, Schaper NC. Practical guidelines on the management and prevention of the diabetic foot 2011. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012;28(Suppl 1):225–31.PubMedCrossRef Bakker K, Apelqvist J, Schaper NC. Practical guidelines on the management and prevention of the diabetic foot 2011. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012;28(Suppl 1):225–31.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat American Diabetes Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Boulton AJ, Armstrong DG, Albert SF, et al. Comprehensive foot examination and risk assessment: a report of the task force of the foot care interest group of the American Diabetes Association, with endorsement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:1679–85.CrossRef American Diabetes Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Boulton AJ, Armstrong DG, Albert SF, et al. Comprehensive foot examination and risk assessment: a report of the task force of the foot care interest group of the American Diabetes Association, with endorsement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:1679–85.CrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat European Stroke Organization, Aboyans V, Ricco JB, Bartelink ML, Björck M, Brodmann M, Cohnert T, Collet JP, Czerny M. 2017 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Soceity for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur Heart J. 2018;39:762–821. European Stroke Organization, Aboyans V, Ricco JB, Bartelink ML, Björck M, Brodmann M, Cohnert T, Collet JP, Czerny M. 2017 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Soceity for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur Heart J. 2018;39:762–821.
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Schaper NC, Andros G, Apelqvist J, Bakker K, Lammer J, Lepantalo M, Mills JL, Reekers J, Shearman CP, Zierler RE, Hinchliffe RJ, et al. Specific guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial disease in a patients with diabetes and ulceration of the foot 2011. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012;28(Suppl 1):236–7.PubMedCrossRef Schaper NC, Andros G, Apelqvist J, Bakker K, Lammer J, Lepantalo M, Mills JL, Reekers J, Shearman CP, Zierler RE, Hinchliffe RJ, et al. Specific guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial disease in a patients with diabetes and ulceration of the foot 2011. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012;28(Suppl 1):236–7.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Brandl R, Stiegler H. Das diabetische Fußsyndrom – Pathogenese, Diagnostik, Therapie und Prävention. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2015;140:593–602.PubMedCrossRef Brandl R, Stiegler H. Das diabetische Fußsyndrom – Pathogenese, Diagnostik, Therapie und Prävention. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2015;140:593–602.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Morbach S, Müller E, Reike H, Risse A, Rümenapf G, Spraul M. Diabetic foot syndrome. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2014;122:416–24.PubMedCrossRef Morbach S, Müller E, Reike H, Risse A, Rümenapf G, Spraul M. Diabetic foot syndrome. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2014;122:416–24.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Malecki R, Rosinski K, Adamiec R. Etiological factors of infections in diabetic foot syndrome—attempt to define optimal empirical therapy. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2014;23:39–48.PubMedCrossRef Malecki R, Rosinski K, Adamiec R. Etiological factors of infections in diabetic foot syndrome—attempt to define optimal empirical therapy. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2014;23:39–48.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Game FL, Hinchliffe RJ, Apelqvist J, Armstrong DG, Bakker K, Hartemann A, Löndahl M, Price PE, Jeffcoate WJ. A Systematic review of interventions to enhance the healing of chronic ulcers of the foot in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012;28(Suppl 1):119–41.PubMedCrossRef Game FL, Hinchliffe RJ, Apelqvist J, Armstrong DG, Bakker K, Hartemann A, Löndahl M, Price PE, Jeffcoate WJ. A Systematic review of interventions to enhance the healing of chronic ulcers of the foot in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012;28(Suppl 1):119–41.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanders LJ, Frykberg RG. Charcot neuroarthropathy of the foot. In: Bowker JH, Pfeifer MA, Hrsg. Levin and O’Neals’s. The diabetic foot. 6. Aufl. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 2001. S. 439–66. Sanders LJ, Frykberg RG. Charcot neuroarthropathy of the foot. In: Bowker JH, Pfeifer MA, Hrsg. Levin and O’Neals’s. The diabetic foot. 6. Aufl. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 2001. S. 439–66.
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Short DJ, Zgonis T. Management of osteomyelitis and bone loss in the diabetic charcot foot and ankle. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2017;34:381–7.PubMedCrossRef Short DJ, Zgonis T. Management of osteomyelitis and bone loss in the diabetic charcot foot and ankle. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2017;34:381–7.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Diabetische Neuropathie und diabetischer Fuß (Update 2019)
verfasst von
Monika Lechleitner
Heidemarie Abrahamian
Claudia Francesconi
Markus Kofler
Wolfgang Sturm
Gerd Köhler
Publikationsdatum
12.04.2019
Verlag
Springer Vienna
Erschienen in
Wiener klinische Wochenschrift / Ausgabe Sonderheft 1/2019
Print ISSN: 0043-5325
Elektronische ISSN: 1613-7671
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-019-1487-4

Weitere Artikel der Sonderheft 1/2019

Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 1/2019 Zur Ausgabe

leitlinien für die praxis

Migration und Diabetes (Update 2019)