Introduction
Methods
Measures
Short-form 36 Health Survey (SF-36, v1)
Seattle angina questionnaire (SAQ)
Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire (MLHF)
MacNew questionnaire (MacNew)
Physical activity
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient characteristics
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics (Table 1)
Total cohort | Angina | Myocardial infarction | Ischemic heart failure | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N = 6143 100% | N = 2033 33.1% | N = 2266 36.9% | N = 1844 30.0% | |
Age (years ± SD) | 62.4 ± 11.3 | 63.0 ± 10.2 | 59.6 ± 11.4 | 65.1 ± 11.5 |
Sex (N) | ||||
Female | 1520; 24.7% | 561; 27.6% | 544; 24.0% | 415; 22.5% |
Male | 4620; 75.2% | 1471; 72.4% | 1722; 76.0% | 1427; 77.4% |
Family status (N) | ||||
Single | 721; 11.7% | 225; 11.1% | 272; 12.0% | 224; 12.1% |
Married | 4562; 74.3% | 1519; 74.7% | 1673; 73.8% | 1370; 74.3% |
Other | 780; 12.7% | 248; 12.2% | 298; 13.2% | 234; 12.7% |
Education (N) | ||||
<High school | 2242; 36.5% | 763; 37.5% | 742; 32.7% | 737; 40.0% |
High school | 1899; 30.9% | 649; 31.9% | 699; 30.8% | 551; 29.9% |
>High school | 1761; 28.7% | 526; 25.9% | 747; 33.0% | 488; 26.5% |
Risk factors (N) | ||||
Hypertensiona | 3442; 56.0% | 1308; 64.3% | 1149; 50.7% | 985; 53.4% |
Diabetesa | 1290; 21.0% | 464; 22.8% | 349; 15.4% | 477; 25.9% |
High cholesterola | 3696; 60.2% | 1381; 67.9% | 1323; 58.4% | 992; 53.8% |
Current smoker | 921; 15.0% | 269; 13.2% | 377; 16.6% | 275; 14.0% |
BMI (mean ± SD) | 27.4 ± 4.97 | 27.9 ± 5.02 | 27.0 ± 4.68 | 27.3 ± 5.21 |
Physical activity (N) | ||||
Not active | 2976; 48.7% | 972; 48.0% | 962; 42.6% | 1042; 56.8% |
1–2 times/week | 1272; 20.8% | 431; 21.3% | 502; 22.2% | 339; 18.5% |
3–5 times/week | 1294; 21.2% | 434; 21.5% | 567; 25.1% | 293; 16.0% |
>5 times/week | 573; 9.4% | 186; 9.2% | 228; 10.1% | 159; 8.7% |
Physical activity levels and health-related quality of life
Generic health-related quality of life: SF 36 (Table 2)
SF-36; M ± SD (N) | |||
---|---|---|---|
PCS | MCS | p-value/Cohen’s d | |
Total cohort (N = 4845) | |||
Inactive | 35.7 ± 9.8 (2329) | 45.4 ± 11.1 (2329) | PCS: p < 0.001/d = 0.70 MCS: p < 0.001/d = 0.28 |
Active | 42.6 ± 9.8 (2516) | 48.4 ± 10.6 (2516) | |
Activity levels
| |||
Inactivea | 35.7 ± 9.8 (2329) | 45.4 ± 11.1 (2329) | PCS: all p < 0.001/d: a vs. b = 0.55; a vs. c = 0.63; a vs. d = 0.65 MCS: p < 0.001/d: a vs. b = 0.22; a vs. c = 0.31; a vs. d = 0.41; p = 0.042/d: b vs. d = 0.19 |
1–2 times/weekb | 41.0 ± 9.6 (1012) | 47.7 ± 10.7 (1012) | |
3–5 times/weekc | 41.9 ± 9.8 (1029) | 48.6 ± 10.5 (1029) | |
>5 times/weekd | 42.2 ± 10.1 (461) | 49.7 ± 10.3 (461) | |
Angina (N = 1723) | |||
Inactive | 35.3 ± 9.6 (805) | 45.2 ± 10.8 (805) | PCS: p < 0.001/d = 0.49 MCS: p < 0.001/d = 0.25 |
Active | 40.0 ± 9.5 (918) | 47.9 ± 11.0 (918) | |
Activity levels
| |||
Inactivea | 35.3 ± 9.6 (805) | 45.2 ± 10.8 (805) | PCS: all p < 0.001/d: a vs. b = 0.48; a vs. c = 0.50; a vs. d = 0.46 MCS: p < 0.001/d: a vs. c = 0.28; p = 0.003/d: a vs. d = 0.36 |
1–2 times/weekb | 39.9 ± 9.5 (365) | 47.0 ± 11.0 (365) | |
3–5 times/weekc | 40.1 ± 9.5 (392) | 48.2 ± 11.0 (392) | |
>5 times/weekd | 39.7 ± 9.6 (158) | 49.1 ± 10.8 (158) | |
Myocardial infarction (N = 1543) | |||
Inactive | 40.0 ± 9.3 (650) | 45.5 ± 11.2 (650) | PCS: p < 0.001/d = 0.61 MCS: p < 0.001/d = 0.27 |
Active | 45.5 ± 8.7 (893) | 48.4 ± 10.3 (893) | |
Activity levels
| |||
Inactivea | 40.0 ± 9.3 (650) | 45.5 ± 11.2 (650) | PCS: all p < 0.001/d: a vs. b = 0.52; a vs. c = 0.64; a vs. d = 0.75 MCS: p < 0.001/d: a vs. c = 0.28; a vs. d = 0.40; p = 0.002/d: a vs. b = 0.21 |
1–2 times/weekb | 44.6 ± 8.5 (353) | 47.8 ± 10.3 (353) | |
3–5 times/weekc | 45.8 ± 8.7 (376) | 48.5 ± 10.4 (376) | |
>5 times/weekd | 46.9 ± 9.1 (162) | 49.7 ± 9.9 (162) | |
Ischemic heart failure (N = 1579) | |||
Inactive | 32.9 ± 9.2 (874) | 45.4 ± 11.4 (874) | PCS: p < 0.001/d = 0.61 MCS: p < 0.001/d = 0.34 |
Active | 38.7 ± 9.8 (705) | 49.1 ± 10.4 (705) | |
Activity levels
| |||
Inactivea | 32.9 ± 9.2 (874) | 45.4 ± 11.4 (874) | PCS: all p < 0.001/d: a vs. b = 0.54; a vs. c = 0.62; a vs. d = 0.69 MCS: all p < 0.001/d: a vs. b = 0.28; a vs. c = 0.36; a vs. d = 0.45 |
1–2 times/weekb | 38.0 ± 9.7 (294) | 48.5 ± 10.8 (294) | |
3–5 times/weekc | 38.8 ± 9.9 (261) | 49.3 ± 10.0 (261) | |
>5 times/weekd | 39.5 ± 9.9 (141) | 50.3 ± 10.4 (141) |
Specific health-related quality of life: SAQ, MLHF, and MacNew (Tables 3 and 4)
SAQ; M ± SD (N) | MLHF; M ± SD (N) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Physical limitation | Global | Physical | Emotional | |
Angina (N = 1831) | ||||
Inactive | 57.7 ± 21.6 (873) | – | – | – |
Active | 68.5 ± 20.9 (958) | |||
p-value/Cohen’s d | p < 0.001/d = 0.51 | |||
Activity levels
| ||||
Inactivea | 57.7 ± 21.6 (873) | – | – | – |
1–2 times/weekb | 66.9 ± 20.8 (383) | |||
3–5 times/weekc | 70.4 ± 20.7 (403) | |||
>5 times/weekd | 67.6 ± 21.2 (166) | |||
p-value/Cohen’s d | All p < 0.001/d: a vs. b = 0.43; a vs. c = 0.60; a vs. d = 0.46 | |||
Ischemic heart failure (N = 1685) | ||||
Inactive | – | 40.7 ± 21.5 (947) | 19.1 ± 10.0 (947) | 7.6 ± 6.3 (944) |
Active | 29.5 ± 20.5 (738) | 13.1 ± 9.8 (738) | 5.6 ± 5.5 (736) | |
p-value/Cohen’s d | p < 0.001/d = 0.53 | p < 0.001/d = 0.61 | p < 0.001/d = 0.34 | |
Activity levels
| ||||
Inactivea | – | 40.7 ± 21.5 (947) | 19.1 ± 10.0 (947) | 7.6 ± 6.3 (944) |
1–2 times/weekb | 32.0 ± 21.8 (314) | 14.2 ± 10.0 (314) | 6.1 ± 5.8 (313) | |
3–5 times/weekc | 28.5 ± 19.5 (269) | 12.7 ± 9.5 (269) | 5.4 ± 5.3 (268) | |
>5 times/weekd | 25.6 ± 19.0 (144) | 11.4 ± 9.2 (144) | 4.8 ± 4.9 (144) | |
p-value/Cohen’s d | All p < 0.001/d: a vs. b = 0.40; a vs. c = 0.60; a vs. d = 0.75 | All p < 0.001/d: a vs. b = 0.49; a vs. c = 0.66; a vs. d = 0.80 | p < 0.001/d: a vs. c = 0.38; a vs. d = 0.50; p = 0.004/d: a vs. b = 0.25 |
MacNew; M ± SD (N) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Global | Physical | Emotional | |
Total cohort (N = 5039) | |||
Inactive | 4.7 ± 1.1 (2442) | 4.5 ± 1.2 (2442) | 4.9 ± 1.1 (2440) |
Active | 5.3 ± 1.0 (2597) | 5.2 ± 1.1 (2594) | 5.3 ± 1.1 (2596) |
p-value/Cohen’s d | p < 0.001/d = 0.57 | p < 0.001/d = 0.61 | p < 0.001/d = 0.36 |
Activity levels
| |||
Inactivea | 4.7 ± 1.1 (2442) | 4.5 ± 1.2 (2442) | 4.9 ± 1.1 (2440) |
1–2 times/weekb | 5.2 ± 1.0 (1050) | 5.2 ± 1.1 (1048) | 5.2 ± 1.1 (1048) |
3–5 times/weekc | 5.3 ± 1.0 (1054) | 5.3 ± 1.1 (1054) | 5.4 ± 1.0 (1055) |
>5 times/weekd | 5.4 ± 1.0 (472) | 5.4 ± 1.1 (471) | 5.5 ± 1.0 (472) |
p-value/Cohen’s d | p < 0.001/d: a vs. b = 0.48; a vs. c = 0.57; a vs. d = 0.67; p = 0.020/d: b vs. d = 0.20; p = 0.047/d: b vs. c = 0.10 | p < 0.001/d: a vs. b = 0.61; a vs. c = 0.70; a vs. d = 0.78; p = 0.039/d: b vs. c = 0.09 | p < 0.001/d: a vs. b = 0.27; a vs. c = 0.48; a vs. d = 0.57; p = 0.005/d: b vs. d = 0.29; p = 0.050/d: b vs. c = 0.19 |
Angina (N = 1758) | |||
Inactive | 4.7 ± 1.0 (828) | 4.5 ± 1.2 (828) | 4.8 ± 1.1 (828) |
Active | 5.2 ± 1.0 (936) | 5.1 ± 1.1 (934) | 5.2 ± 1.1 (935) |
p-value/Cohen’s d | p < 0.001/d = 0.50 | p < 0.001; d = 0.52 | p < 0.001; d = 0.36 |
Activity levels
| |||
Inactivea | 4.7 ± 1.0 (828) | 4.5 ± 1.2 (828) | 4.8 ± 1.1 (828) |
1–2 times/weekb | 5.1 ± 1.0 (377) | 5.0 ± 1.1 (375) | 5.2 ± 1.1 (376) |
3–5 times/weekc | 5.2 ± 1.0 (394) | 5.1 ± 1.1 (394) | 5.2 ± 1.1 (394) |
>5 times/weekd | 5.2 ± 1.0 (159) | 5.1 ± 1.1 (159) | 5.2 ± 1.0 (159) |
p-value/Cohen’s d | All p < 0.001/d: a vs. b = 0.40; a vs. c = 0.50; a vs. d = 0.50 | All p < 0.001/d: a vs. b = 0.43; a vs. c = 0.52; a vs. d = 0.52 | All p < 0.001/d: a vs. b = 0.36; a vs. c = 0.36; a vs. d = 0.38 |
Myocardial infarction (N = 1621) | |||
Inactive | 5.0 ± 1.1 (693) | 4.9 ± 1.2 (693) | 5.0 ± 1.1 (692) |
Active | 5.5 ± 0.9 (928) | 5.5 ± 1.0 (927) | 5.5 ± 1.0 (929) |
p-value/Cohen’s d | p < 0.001/d = 0.50 | p < 0.001/d = 0.55 | p < 0.001/d = 0.48 |
Activity levels
| |||
Inactivea | 5.0 ± 1.1 (693) | 4.9 ± 1.2 (693) | 5.0 ± 1.1 (692) |
1–2 times/weekb | 5.4 ± 0.9 (361) | 5.5 ± 1.0 (361) | 5.4 ± 1.0 (361) |
3–5 times/weekc | 5.5 ± 1.0 (391) | 5.5 ± 1.0 (391) | 5.5 ± 1.0 (392) |
>5 times/weekd | 5.6 ± 0.9 (172) | 5.6 ± 1.0 (171) | 5.6 ± 1.0 (172) |
p-value/Cohen’s d | All p < 0.001/d: a vs. b = 0.40; a vs. c = 0.48; a vs. d = 0.60 | All p < 0.001/d: a vs. b = 0.55; a vs. c = 0.55; a vs. d = 0.64 | All p < 0.001/d: a vs. b = 0.38; a vs. c = 0.48; a vs. d = 0.57 |
Ischemic heart failure (N = 1654) | |||
Inactive | 4.6 ± 1.1 (921) | 4.3 ± 1.2 (921) | 4.8 ± 1.2 (920) |
Active | 5.1 ± 1.0 (733) | 4.9 ± 1.2 (733) | 5.2 ± 1.1 (732) |
p-value/Cohen’s d | p < 0.001/d = 0.48 | p < 0.001/d = 0.50 | p < 0.001/d = 0.35 |
Activity levels
| |||
Inactivea | 4.6 ± 1.1 (921) | 4.3 ± 1.2 (921) | 4.8 ± 1.2 (920) |
1–2 times/weekb | 5.0 ± 1.0 (312) | 4.8 ± 1.2 (312) | 5.1 ± 1.1 (311) |
3–5 times/weekc | 5.2 ± 1.0 (269) | 5.0 ± 1.1 (269) | 5.3 ± 1.1 (269) |
>5 times/weekd | 5.3 ± 1.0 (141) | 5.1 ± 1.1 (141) | 5.5 ± 1.0 (141) |
p-value/Cohen’s d | All p < 0.001/d: a vs. b = 0.38; a vs. c = 0.57; a vs. d = 0.67 | All p < 0.001/d: a vs. b = 0.42; a vs. c = 0.61; a vs. d = 0.70 | All p < 0.001/d: a vs. b = 0.26; a vs. c = 0.45; a vs. d = 0.64 |