Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 7/2016

01.12.2016 | geriatrics: at crossroads of medicine

Frailty and sarcopenia in elderly

verfasst von: John E. Morley, MB, BCh

Erschienen in: Wiener klinische Wochenschrift | Sonderheft 7/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Summary

Frailty is a pre-disability syndrome where an older person can be identified as being at risk when exposed to stressors associated with high risk for disability or needing to be hospitalized. Two major frailty definitions exist. The physical phenotype of frailty and the multiple deficit model. A simple frailty screening tool—FRAIL—has been validated. Treatment of frailty involves resistance exercise, optimization of nutrition, and treatment of fatigue (sleep apnea, depression), treatable causes of weight loss and adjustment of polypharmacy. Sarcopenia (decline in function with low muscle mass) is a major cause of frailty. A simple sarcopenia screening tool—SARC-F—has been validated. The multiple causes of sarcopenia are reviewed. Optimal treatment is resistance exercise, leucine-enriched essential amino acids and vitamin D replacement.
Literatur
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Tabue-Teguo M, Kelaiditi E, Demougeot L, et al. Frialty index and mortality in nursing home residents in France: from the INCUR study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:603–6.PubMedCrossRef Tabue-Teguo M, Kelaiditi E, Demougeot L, et al. Frialty index and mortality in nursing home residents in France: from the INCUR study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:603–6.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Fabbri E, Zoli M, Gonzalez-Freire M, et al. Aging and multimorbidity: new tasks, priorities, and frontiers for integrated gerontological and clinical research. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:640–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Fabbri E, Zoli M, Gonzalez-Freire M, et al. Aging and multimorbidity: new tasks, priorities, and frontiers for integrated gerontological and clinical research. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:640–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Fried LP, Ferrucci L, Darer J, et al. Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: Implications for improved targeting and care. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59:255–63.PubMedCrossRef Fried LP, Ferrucci L, Darer J, et al. Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: Implications for improved targeting and care. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59:255–63.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M146–M156.PubMedCrossRef Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M146–M156.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Kojima G, Iliffe S, Jivraj S, Walters K. Association between frailty and quality of life among community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2016;70:716–21.PubMedCrossRef Kojima G, Iliffe S, Jivraj S, Walters K. Association between frailty and quality of life among community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2016;70:716–21.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Boyd CM, Ricks M, Fried LP, et al. Functional decline and recovery of activities of daily living in hospitalized, disabled older women: The Women’s Health and Aging Study I. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57:1757–1566.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Boyd CM, Ricks M, Fried LP, et al. Functional decline and recovery of activities of daily living in hospitalized, disabled older women: The Women’s Health and Aging Study I. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57:1757–1566.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Luciani A, Dottorini L, Batiste N, et al. Screening elderly cancer patients for disabilities: evaluation of study of osteoporotic fractures (SOF) index and comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA). Ann Oncol. 2013;24:469–74.PubMedCrossRef Luciani A, Dottorini L, Batiste N, et al. Screening elderly cancer patients for disabilities: evaluation of study of osteoporotic fractures (SOF) index and comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA). Ann Oncol. 2013;24:469–74.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Min LC, Elliott MN, Wenger NS, Saliba D. Higher vulnerable elders survey scores predict death and functional decline in vulnerable older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54:507–11.PubMedCrossRef Min LC, Elliott MN, Wenger NS, Saliba D. Higher vulnerable elders survey scores predict death and functional decline in vulnerable older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54:507–11.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoogendijk EO, van Hout HP. Investigating measurement properties of the Groningen Frailty Indicator: a more systematic approach is needed. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13:757.PubMedCrossRef Hoogendijk EO, van Hout HP. Investigating measurement properties of the Groningen Frailty Indicator: a more systematic approach is needed. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13:757.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Gobbens RJ, van Assen MA, Luijkx KG, Wijenen-Sponselee MT, Schols JM. The Tilburg Frailty Indicator: psychometric properties. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010;11:344–55.PubMedCrossRef Gobbens RJ, van Assen MA, Luijkx KG, Wijenen-Sponselee MT, Schols JM. The Tilburg Frailty Indicator: psychometric properties. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010;11:344–55.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Gobbens RJJ, van Assen MALM, Luijkz KG, et al. Determinants of frailty. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010;11:356–64.PubMedCrossRef Gobbens RJJ, van Assen MALM, Luijkz KG, et al. Determinants of frailty. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010;11:356–64.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Abellan van Kan G, Rolland Y, Bergman H, et al. The I.A.N.A. Task Force on frailty assessment of older people in clinical practice. J Nutr Health Aging. 2008;12:29–37.PubMedCrossRef Abellan van Kan G, Rolland Y, Bergman H, et al. The I.A.N.A. Task Force on frailty assessment of older people in clinical practice. J Nutr Health Aging. 2008;12:29–37.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Gardiner PA, Mishra GD, Dobson AJ. Validity and responsiveness of the FRAIL scale in a longitudinal cohort study of older Australian women. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:781–3.PubMedCrossRef Gardiner PA, Mishra GD, Dobson AJ. Validity and responsiveness of the FRAIL scale in a longitudinal cohort study of older Australian women. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:781–3.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Hyde Z, Flicker L, Smith K, et al. Prevalence and incidence of frailty in Aboriginal Australians, and associations with mortality and disability. Maturitas. 2016;87:89–94.PubMedCrossRef Hyde Z, Flicker L, Smith K, et al. Prevalence and incidence of frailty in Aboriginal Australians, and associations with mortality and disability. Maturitas. 2016;87:89–94.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Wong YY, Almeida OP, McCaul KA, et al. Homocysteine, frailty, and all-cause mortality in older men: the health in men study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68:590–8.PubMedCrossRef Wong YY, Almeida OP, McCaul KA, et al. Homocysteine, frailty, and all-cause mortality in older men: the health in men study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68:590–8.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Hyde Z, Flicker L, Almeida OP, et al. Low free testosterone predicts frailty in older men: the health in men study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:3165–72.PubMedCrossRef Hyde Z, Flicker L, Almeida OP, et al. Low free testosterone predicts frailty in older men: the health in men study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:3165–72.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Lopez D, Flicker L, Dobson A. Validation of the frail scale in a cohort of older Australian women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60:171–3.PubMedCrossRef Lopez D, Flicker L, Dobson A. Validation of the frail scale in a cohort of older Australian women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60:171–3.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Li Y, Zou Y, Wang S, et al. A pilot study of the FRAIL scale on predicting outcomes in Chinese elderly people with type 2 diabetes. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:714.e7–714.e12.CrossRef Li Y, Zou Y, Wang S, et al. A pilot study of the FRAIL scale on predicting outcomes in Chinese elderly people with type 2 diabetes. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:714.e7–714.e12.CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Woo J, Yu R, Wong M, et al. Frailty screening in the community using the FRAIL scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:412–9.PubMedCrossRef Woo J, Yu R, Wong M, et al. Frailty screening in the community using the FRAIL scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:412–9.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Akin S, Mazicioglu MM, Mucuk S, et al. The prevalence of frailty and related factors in community-dwelling Turkish elderly according to modified Fried Frailty Index and FRAIL scales. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2015;27:703–9.PubMedCrossRef Akin S, Mazicioglu MM, Mucuk S, et al. The prevalence of frailty and related factors in community-dwelling Turkish elderly according to modified Fried Frailty Index and FRAIL scales. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2015;27:703–9.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Woo J, Leung J, Morley JE. Comparison of frailty indicators based on clinical phenotype and the multiple deficit approach in predicting mortality and physical limitation. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60:1478–86.PubMedCrossRef Woo J, Leung J, Morley JE. Comparison of frailty indicators based on clinical phenotype and the multiple deficit approach in predicting mortality and physical limitation. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60:1478–86.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Morley JE, Malmstrom TK, Miller DK. A simple frailty questionnaire (FRAIL) predicts outcomes in middle aged African Americans. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012;16:601–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Morley JE, Malmstrom TK, Miller DK. A simple frailty questionnaire (FRAIL) predicts outcomes in middle aged African Americans. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012;16:601–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Choi J, Ahn A, Kim S, Won CW. Global prevalence of physical frailty by Fried’s criteria in community-dwelling elderly with national population-based surveys. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(7):548–50.PubMedCrossRef Choi J, Ahn A, Kim S, Won CW. Global prevalence of physical frailty by Fried’s criteria in community-dwelling elderly with national population-based surveys. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(7):548–50.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Theou O, Brothers TD, Mitnitski A, Rockwood K. Operationalization of frailty using eight commonly used scales and comparison of their ability to predict all-cause mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61:1537–51.PubMedCrossRef Theou O, Brothers TD, Mitnitski A, Rockwood K. Operationalization of frailty using eight commonly used scales and comparison of their ability to predict all-cause mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61:1537–51.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Ravindrarajah R, Lee DM, Pye SR, et al. The ability of three different models of frailty to predict all-cause mortality: results from the European Male Aging Study (EMAS). Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2013;57:360–8.PubMedCrossRef Ravindrarajah R, Lee DM, Pye SR, et al. The ability of three different models of frailty to predict all-cause mortality: results from the European Male Aging Study (EMAS). Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2013;57:360–8.PubMedCrossRef
32.
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Dominguez LJ, Bevilacqua M, Dibella G, Barbagallo M. Diagnosing and managing thyroid disease in the nursing home. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2008;9:9–17.PubMedCrossRef Dominguez LJ, Bevilacqua M, Dibella G, Barbagallo M. Diagnosing and managing thyroid disease in the nursing home. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2008;9:9–17.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Morley JE. Anemia in the nursing homes: a complex issue. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13:191–4.PubMedCrossRef Morley JE. Anemia in the nursing homes: a complex issue. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13:191–4.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Iwanczyk L, Weintraub NT, Rubenstein LZ. Orthostatic hypotension in the nursing home setting. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2006;7:163–7.PubMedCrossRef Iwanczyk L, Weintraub NT, Rubenstein LZ. Orthostatic hypotension in the nursing home setting. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2006;7:163–7.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Moulis F, Moulis G, Balardy L, et al. Searching for a polypharmacy threshold associated with frailty. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:259–61.PubMedCrossRef Moulis F, Moulis G, Balardy L, et al. Searching for a polypharmacy threshold associated with frailty. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:259–61.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Moulis F, Moulis G, Balardy L, et al. Exposure to atropinic drugs and frailty status. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:253–7.PubMedCrossRef Moulis F, Moulis G, Balardy L, et al. Exposure to atropinic drugs and frailty status. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:253–7.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Rolland Y, Morley JE. Editorial: frailty and polypharmacy. J Nutr Health Aging. 2016;20:645–6.PubMedCrossRef Rolland Y, Morley JE. Editorial: frailty and polypharmacy. J Nutr Health Aging. 2016;20:645–6.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Morley JE. Inappropriate drug prescribing and polypharmacy are major causes of poor outcomes in long-term care. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15:780–2.PubMedCrossRef Morley JE. Inappropriate drug prescribing and polypharmacy are major causes of poor outcomes in long-term care. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15:780–2.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Onder G, Liperoti R, Foebel A, et al. Polypharmacy and mortality among nursing home residents with advanced cognitive impairment: results from the SHELTER study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(450):e7–e12. Onder G, Liperoti R, Foebel A, et al. Polypharmacy and mortality among nursing home residents with advanced cognitive impairment: results from the SHELTER study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(450):e7–e12.
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Little MO, Morley A. Reducing polypharmacy: evidence from a simple quality improvement initiative. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14:152–6.PubMedCrossRef Little MO, Morley A. Reducing polypharmacy: evidence from a simple quality improvement initiative. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14:152–6.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Morley JE. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a disease of older persons. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15:151–3.PubMedCrossRef Morley JE. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a disease of older persons. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15:151–3.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Tarazona-Santabalbina JF, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Perez-Ros P, et al. A multicomponent exercise intervention that reverses frailty and improves cognition, emotion, and social networking in the community-dwelling frail elderly: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17:426–33.PubMedCrossRef Tarazona-Santabalbina JF, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Perez-Ros P, et al. A multicomponent exercise intervention that reverses frailty and improves cognition, emotion, and social networking in the community-dwelling frail elderly: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17:426–33.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Abizanda P, Lopez MD, Garcia VP, et al. Effects of an oral nutritional supplementation plus physical exercise intervention on the physical function, nutritional status, and quality of life in frail institutionalized older adults: the ACTIVNES study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:439.e9–439.e16.CrossRef Abizanda P, Lopez MD, Garcia VP, et al. Effects of an oral nutritional supplementation plus physical exercise intervention on the physical function, nutritional status, and quality of life in frail institutionalized older adults: the ACTIVNES study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:439.e9–439.e16.CrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Ng TP, Feng L, Nyunt MS, et al. Nutritional, physical, cognitive, and combination interventions and frailty reversal among older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Med. 2015;128:1225–1236.e1.PubMedCrossRef Ng TP, Feng L, Nyunt MS, et al. Nutritional, physical, cognitive, and combination interventions and frailty reversal among older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Med. 2015;128:1225–1236.e1.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Singh NA, Quine S, Clemson LM, et al. Effects of high-intensity progressive resistance training and targeted multidisciplinary treatment of frailty on mortality and nursing home admissions after hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13:24–30.PubMedCrossRef Singh NA, Quine S, Clemson LM, et al. Effects of high-intensity progressive resistance training and targeted multidisciplinary treatment of frailty on mortality and nursing home admissions after hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13:24–30.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Mijnarends DM, Schols JM, Meijers JM, et al. Instruments to assess sarcopenia and physical frailty in older people living in a community (care) setting: similarities and discrepancies. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:301–8.PubMedCrossRef Mijnarends DM, Schols JM, Meijers JM, et al. Instruments to assess sarcopenia and physical frailty in older people living in a community (care) setting: similarities and discrepancies. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:301–8.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaehr E, Visvanathan R, Malmstrom TK, Morley JE. Frailty in nursing homes: the FRAIL-NH scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:87–9.PubMedCrossRef Kaehr E, Visvanathan R, Malmstrom TK, Morley JE. Frailty in nursing homes: the FRAIL-NH scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:87–9.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaehr EW, Pape LC, Malmstrom TK, Morley JE. FRAIL-NH predicts outcomes in long term care. J Nutr Health Aging. 2016;20:192–8.PubMedCrossRef Kaehr EW, Pape LC, Malmstrom TK, Morley JE. FRAIL-NH predicts outcomes in long term care. J Nutr Health Aging. 2016;20:192–8.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Luo H, Lum TY, Wong GH, et al. Predicting adverse health outcomes in nursing homes: a 9‑year longitudinal study and development of the FRAIL-Minimum Data Set (MDS) quick screening tool. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:1042–7.PubMedCrossRef Luo H, Lum TY, Wong GH, et al. Predicting adverse health outcomes in nursing homes: a 9‑year longitudinal study and development of the FRAIL-Minimum Data Set (MDS) quick screening tool. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:1042–7.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Morley JE, Morris JC, Berg-Weger M, et al. Brain health: the importance of recognizing cognitive impairment: an IAGG consensus conference. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:731–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Morley JE, Morris JC, Berg-Weger M, et al. Brain health: the importance of recognizing cognitive impairment: an IAGG consensus conference. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:731–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu YH, Liu LK, Chen WT, et al. Cognitive function in individuals with physical frailty but without dementia or cognitive complaints: results from the I‑Lan Longitudinal study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:899.e9–899.16.CrossRef Wu YH, Liu LK, Chen WT, et al. Cognitive function in individuals with physical frailty but without dementia or cognitive complaints: results from the I‑Lan Longitudinal study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:899.e9–899.16.CrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Shimada H, Makizako H, Doi T, et al. Combined prevalence of frailty and mild cognitive impairment in a population of elderly Japanese people. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14:518–24.PubMedCrossRef Shimada H, Makizako H, Doi T, et al. Combined prevalence of frailty and mild cognitive impairment in a population of elderly Japanese people. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14:518–24.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Kelaiditi E, Cesari M, Canevelli M, et al. Cognitive frailty: rational and definition from an (I.A.N.A./I.A.G.G.) international consensus group. J Nutr Health Aging. 2013;17:726–34.PubMedCrossRef Kelaiditi E, Cesari M, Canevelli M, et al. Cognitive frailty: rational and definition from an (I.A.N.A./I.A.G.G.) international consensus group. J Nutr Health Aging. 2013;17:726–34.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Morley JE. White matter lesions (leukoaraiosis): a major cause of falls. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:441–3.PubMedCrossRef Morley JE. White matter lesions (leukoaraiosis): a major cause of falls. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:441–3.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Beauchet O, Launay CP, Montero-Odasso M, et al. Anti-dementia drugs-related changes in gait performance while single and dual tasking in patients with Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2015;12:761–71.PubMedCrossRef Beauchet O, Launay CP, Montero-Odasso M, et al. Anti-dementia drugs-related changes in gait performance while single and dual tasking in patients with Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2015;12:761–71.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, et al. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147:755–63.PubMedCrossRef Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, et al. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147:755–63.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Morley JE, Baumgartner RN, Roubenoff R, et al. Sarcopenia. J Lab Clin Med. 2001;137:231–43.PubMedCrossRef Morley JE, Baumgartner RN, Roubenoff R, et al. Sarcopenia. J Lab Clin Med. 2001;137:231–43.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Baumgartner RN, Wayne SJ, Waters DL, et al. Sarcopenia obesity predicts instrumental activities of daily living disability in the elderly. Obes Res. 2004;12:1995–2004.PubMedCrossRef Baumgartner RN, Wayne SJ, Waters DL, et al. Sarcopenia obesity predicts instrumental activities of daily living disability in the elderly. Obes Res. 2004;12:1995–2004.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Rolland Y, Lauwers-Cances V, Cristini C, et al. Difficulties with physical function associated with obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic-obesity in community-dwelling elderly women: the EPIDOS (EPIDemiologie de l’OSteoporose) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1895–900.PubMedCrossRef Rolland Y, Lauwers-Cances V, Cristini C, et al. Difficulties with physical function associated with obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic-obesity in community-dwelling elderly women: the EPIDOS (EPIDemiologie de l’OSteoporose) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1895–900.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Dam TT, Peters KW, Fragala M, et al. An evidence-based comparison of operational criteria for the presence of sarcopenia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(5):584–90.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Dam TT, Peters KW, Fragala M, et al. An evidence-based comparison of operational criteria for the presence of sarcopenia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(5):584–90.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 2010;39:412–23.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 2010;39:412–23.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Fielding RA, Vellas B, Evans WJ, et al. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12:249–56.PubMedCrossRef Fielding RA, Vellas B, Evans WJ, et al. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12:249–56.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Society on Sarcopenia, Cachexia and Wasting Disorders Trialist Workshop, Morley JE, Abbatecola AM, Argiles JM, et al. Sarcopenia with limited mobility: an international consensus. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12:403–9.CrossRef Society on Sarcopenia, Cachexia and Wasting Disorders Trialist Workshop, Morley JE, Abbatecola AM, Argiles JM, et al. Sarcopenia with limited mobility: an international consensus. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12:403–9.CrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen LK, Liu LK, Woo J, et al. Sarcopenia in Asia: consensus report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15:95–101.PubMedCrossRef Chen LK, Liu LK, Woo J, et al. Sarcopenia in Asia: consensus report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15:95–101.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat ILAS Research Group, Lee WJ, Liu LK, Peng LN, et al. Comparisons of sarcopenia defined by IWGS and EWGSOP criteria among older people: results from the I‑Lan longitudinal aging study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14:528.e1–528.e7. ILAS Research Group, Lee WJ, Liu LK, Peng LN, et al. Comparisons of sarcopenia defined by IWGS and EWGSOP criteria among older people: results from the I‑Lan longitudinal aging study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14:528.e1–528.e7.
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim YP, Kim S, Joh JY, Hwang HS. Effect of interaction between dynapenic component of the European working group on sarcopenia in older people sarcopenia criteria and obesity on activities of daily living in the elderly. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15:371.e1–371.e5.CrossRef Kim YP, Kim S, Joh JY, Hwang HS. Effect of interaction between dynapenic component of the European working group on sarcopenia in older people sarcopenia criteria and obesity on activities of daily living in the elderly. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15:371.e1–371.e5.CrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Woo J, Leung J, Morley JE. Defining sarcopenia in terms of incident adverse outcomes. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:247–52.PubMedCrossRef Woo J, Leung J, Morley JE. Defining sarcopenia in terms of incident adverse outcomes. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:247–52.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Dupuy C, Lauwers-Cances V, Guyonnet S, et al. Searching for a relevant definition of sarcopenia: results from the cross-sectional EPIDOS study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:144–54.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Dupuy C, Lauwers-Cances V, Guyonnet S, et al. Searching for a relevant definition of sarcopenia: results from the cross-sectional EPIDOS study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:144–54.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Morley JE, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Prevalence, incidence, and clinical impact of sarcopenia: facts, numbers, and epidemiology – update 2014. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5:253–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Morley JE, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Prevalence, incidence, and clinical impact of sarcopenia: facts, numbers, and epidemiology – update 2014. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5:253–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Morley JE, Malmstrom TK. Can sarcopenia be diagnosed without measurements? Eur Geriatr Med. 2014;5:291–3.CrossRef Morley JE, Malmstrom TK. Can sarcopenia be diagnosed without measurements? Eur Geriatr Med. 2014;5:291–3.CrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Malmstrom TK, Miller DK, Simonsick EM, et al. SARC-F: a symptom score to predict persons with sarcopenia at risk for poor functional outcomes. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7:28–36.PubMedCrossRef Malmstrom TK, Miller DK, Simonsick EM, et al. SARC-F: a symptom score to predict persons with sarcopenia at risk for poor functional outcomes. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7:28–36.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Woo J, Leung J, Morley JE. Validating the SARC-F: a suitable community screening tool for sarcopenia? J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15:630–4.PubMedCrossRef Woo J, Leung J, Morley JE. Validating the SARC-F: a suitable community screening tool for sarcopenia? J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15:630–4.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Cao L, Chen S, Zou C, et al. A pilot study of the SARC-F scale on screening sarcopenia and physical disability in the Chinese older people. J Nutr Health Aging. 2014;18:277–83.PubMedCrossRef Cao L, Chen S, Zou C, et al. A pilot study of the SARC-F scale on screening sarcopenia and physical disability in the Chinese older people. J Nutr Health Aging. 2014;18:277–83.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Urano T, Inoue S. Recent genetic discoveries in osteoporosis, sarcopenia and obesity. Endocr J. 2015;62:475–84.PubMedCrossRef Urano T, Inoue S. Recent genetic discoveries in osteoporosis, sarcopenia and obesity. Endocr J. 2015;62:475–84.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Sayer AA, Syddall HE, Gilbody HJ, et al. Does sarcopenia originate in early life: findings from the Hertfordshire cohort study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59:M930–M934.PubMedCrossRef Sayer AA, Syddall HE, Gilbody HJ, et al. Does sarcopenia originate in early life: findings from the Hertfordshire cohort study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59:M930–M934.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Conboy IM, Conboy MJ, Wagers AJ, et al. Rejuvenation of aged progenitor cells by exposure to a young systemic environment. Nature. 2005;433:760–4.PubMedCrossRef Conboy IM, Conboy MJ, Wagers AJ, et al. Rejuvenation of aged progenitor cells by exposure to a young systemic environment. Nature. 2005;433:760–4.PubMedCrossRef
83.
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Morley JE. Anorexia of aging: a true geriatric syndrome. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012;16:422–5.PubMedCrossRef Morley JE. Anorexia of aging: a true geriatric syndrome. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012;16:422–5.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Michaud M, Balardy L, Moulis G, et al. Proinflammatory cytokines, aging, and age-related diseases. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14:877–82.PubMedCrossRef Michaud M, Balardy L, Moulis G, et al. Proinflammatory cytokines, aging, and age-related diseases. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14:877–82.PubMedCrossRef
87.
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Prior SJ, Ryan AS, Blumenthal JB, et al. Sarcopenia is associated with lower skeletal muscle capillarization and exercise capacity in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016;71(8):1096–101.PubMedCrossRef Prior SJ, Ryan AS, Blumenthal JB, et al. Sarcopenia is associated with lower skeletal muscle capillarization and exercise capacity in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016;71(8):1096–101.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Morley JE. Scientific overview of hormone treatment used for rejuvenation. Fertil Steril. 2013;99:1807–13.PubMedCrossRef Morley JE. Scientific overview of hormone treatment used for rejuvenation. Fertil Steril. 2013;99:1807–13.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Morley JE, Kaiser FE, Perry HM 3rd, et al. Longitudinal changes in testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in healthy older men. Metabolism. 1997;46:410–3.PubMedCrossRef Morley JE, Kaiser FE, Perry HM 3rd, et al. Longitudinal changes in testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in healthy older men. Metabolism. 1997;46:410–3.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Baumgartner RN, Waters DL, Gallagher D, et al. Predictors of skeletal muscle mass in elderly men and women. Mech Ageing Dev. 1999;107:123–36.PubMedCrossRef Baumgartner RN, Waters DL, Gallagher D, et al. Predictors of skeletal muscle mass in elderly men and women. Mech Ageing Dev. 1999;107:123–36.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Haren MT, Kim MJ, Tariq SH, et al. Andropause: a quality-of-life issue in older males. Med Clin North Am. 2006;90:1005–23.PubMedCrossRef Haren MT, Kim MJ, Tariq SH, et al. Andropause: a quality-of-life issue in older males. Med Clin North Am. 2006;90:1005–23.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Srinivas-Shankar U, Roberts SA, Connolly MJ, et al. Effects of testosterone on muscle strength, physical function, body composition, and quality of life in intermediate-frail and frail elderly men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:639–50.PubMedCrossRef Srinivas-Shankar U, Roberts SA, Connolly MJ, et al. Effects of testosterone on muscle strength, physical function, body composition, and quality of life in intermediate-frail and frail elderly men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:639–50.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Sih R, Morley JE, Kaiser FE, et al. Testosterone replacement in older hypogonadal men: a 12-month randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:1661–7.PubMedCrossRef Sih R, Morley JE, Kaiser FE, et al. Testosterone replacement in older hypogonadal men: a 12-month randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:1661–7.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Storer TW, Bhasin S, Travison TG, et al. Testosterone attenuates age-related fall in aerobic function in mobility limited older men with low testosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:2562–9.PubMedCrossRef Storer TW, Bhasin S, Travison TG, et al. Testosterone attenuates age-related fall in aerobic function in mobility limited older men with low testosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:2562–9.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Caminiti G, Volterrani M, Iellamo F, et al. Effect of long-acting testosterone treatment on functional exercise capacity, skeletal muscle performance, insulin resistance, and baroreflex sensitivity in elderly patients with chronic heart failure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:919–27.PubMedCrossRef Caminiti G, Volterrani M, Iellamo F, et al. Effect of long-acting testosterone treatment on functional exercise capacity, skeletal muscle performance, insulin resistance, and baroreflex sensitivity in elderly patients with chronic heart failure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:919–27.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Travison TG, Basaria S, Storer TW, et al. Clinical meaningfulness of the changes in muscle performance and physical function associated with testosterone administration in older men with mobility limitation. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2011;66:1090–9.PubMedCrossRef Travison TG, Basaria S, Storer TW, et al. Clinical meaningfulness of the changes in muscle performance and physical function associated with testosterone administration in older men with mobility limitation. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2011;66:1090–9.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Fiatarone MA, O’Neill EF, Ryan ND, et al. Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1769–75.PubMedCrossRef Fiatarone MA, O’Neill EF, Ryan ND, et al. Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1769–75.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Fiatarone MA, Marks EC, Ryan ND, et al. High-intensity strength training in nonagenarians. Effects on skeletal muscle. JAMA. 1990;263(22):3029–34.PubMedCrossRef Fiatarone MA, Marks EC, Ryan ND, et al. High-intensity strength training in nonagenarians. Effects on skeletal muscle. JAMA. 1990;263(22):3029–34.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Tieland M, Dirks ML, van der Zwaluw N, et al. Protein supplementation increases muscle mass gain during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in frail elderly people: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13:713–9.PubMedCrossRef Tieland M, Dirks ML, van der Zwaluw N, et al. Protein supplementation increases muscle mass gain during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in frail elderly people: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13:713–9.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Churchward-Venne TA, Tieland M, Verdijk LB, et al. There are no nonresponders to resistance-type exercise training in older men and women. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:400–11.PubMedCrossRef Churchward-Venne TA, Tieland M, Verdijk LB, et al. There are no nonresponders to resistance-type exercise training in older men and women. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:400–11.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Morley JE, Malmstrom TK, Rodriguez-Manas L, Sinclair AJ. Frailty, sarcopenia and diabetes. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15:853–9.PubMedCrossRef Morley JE, Malmstrom TK, Rodriguez-Manas L, Sinclair AJ. Frailty, sarcopenia and diabetes. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15:853–9.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Pahor M, Guralnik JM, Ambrosius WT, et al. Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of major mobility disability in older adults: the LIFE study randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;311:2387–96.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Pahor M, Guralnik JM, Ambrosius WT, et al. Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of major mobility disability in older adults: the LIFE study randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;311:2387–96.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Malafarina V, Uriz-Otano F, Iniesta R, Gil-Guerrero L. Effectiveness of nutritional supplementation on muscle mass in treatment of sarcopenia in old age: a systematic review. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14:10–7.PubMedCrossRef Malafarina V, Uriz-Otano F, Iniesta R, Gil-Guerrero L. Effectiveness of nutritional supplementation on muscle mass in treatment of sarcopenia in old age: a systematic review. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14:10–7.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Bauer JM, Verlaan S, Bautmans I, et al. Effects of vitamin D and leucine-enriched whey protein nutritional supplement on measures of sarcopenia in older adults, the PROVIDE study: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:740–7.PubMedCrossRef Bauer JM, Verlaan S, Bautmans I, et al. Effects of vitamin D and leucine-enriched whey protein nutritional supplement on measures of sarcopenia in older adults, the PROVIDE study: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:740–7.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE study group. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14:542–59.PubMedCrossRef Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE study group. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14:542–59.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Perry HM 3rd, Horowitz M, Morley JE, et al. Longitudinal changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in older people. Metabolism. 1999;48(8):1028–32.PubMedCrossRef Perry HM 3rd, Horowitz M, Morley JE, et al. Longitudinal changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in older people. Metabolism. 1999;48(8):1028–32.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Beaudart C, Buckinx F, Rabenda V, et al. The effects of vitamin D on skeletal muscle strength, muscle mass, and muscle power: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:4336–45.PubMedCrossRef Beaudart C, Buckinx F, Rabenda V, et al. The effects of vitamin D on skeletal muscle strength, muscle mass, and muscle power: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:4336–45.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Anker SD, Coats AJ, Morley JE. Evidence for partial pharmaceutical reversal of the cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome: the case of anamorelin. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:275–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Anker SD, Coats AJ, Morley JE. Evidence for partial pharmaceutical reversal of the cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome: the case of anamorelin. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:275–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Morley JE. Pharmacological options for the treatment of sarcopenia. Calcif Tissue Int. 2016;98:319–33.PubMedCrossRef Morley JE. Pharmacological options for the treatment of sarcopenia. Calcif Tissue Int. 2016;98:319–33.PubMedCrossRef
111.
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Dalton JT, Barnette KG, Bohl CE, et al. The selective androgen receptor modulator GTx-024 (enobosarm) improves lean body mass and physical function in healthy elderly men and postmenopausal women: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2011;2(3):153–61.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Dalton JT, Barnette KG, Bohl CE, et al. The selective androgen receptor modulator GTx-024 (enobosarm) improves lean body mass and physical function in healthy elderly men and postmenopausal women: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2011;2(3):153–61.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
113.
Metadaten
Titel
Frailty and sarcopenia in elderly
verfasst von
John E. Morley, MB, BCh
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2016
Verlag
Springer Vienna
Erschienen in
Wiener klinische Wochenschrift / Ausgabe Sonderheft 7/2016
Print ISSN: 0043-5325
Elektronische ISSN: 1613-7671
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-016-1087-5

Weitere Artikel der Sonderheft 7/2016

Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 7/2016 Zur Ausgabe