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Erschienen in: Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 15-16/2016

Open Access 01.08.2016 | case report

Molecular diagnosis of African tick bite fever using eschar swabs in a traveller returning from Tanzania

verfasst von: Nicole Harrison, Heinz Burgmann, Christina Forstner, Michael Ramharter, Marton Széll, Anna‑Margarita Schötta, Gerold Stanek, Mateusz Markowicz

Erschienen in: Wiener klinische Wochenschrift | Ausgabe 15-16/2016

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Summary

African tick bite fever is an emerging infectious disease among travellers caused by the pathogen Rickettsia africae. Most travel-associated cases have been reported from countries in southern Africa. So far it has rarely been reported among travellers to eastern Africa and our patient is one of the first described cases imported from Tanzania. A woman presented with fever, chills, headache, myalgia and a rickettsial eschar on her ankle after returning from Tanzania. The diagnosis of African tick bite fever is often based on clinical grounds due to a lack of reliable diagnostic tests at commencement of symptoms. In this patient direct molecular detection of R. africae was performed by PCR from a sample obtained non-invasively with a swab from the rickettsial eschar. A positive PCR result was achieved although the patient had already started antibiotic treatment with doxycycline. In conclusion, this non-invasive method enables early diagnosis of African tick bite fever by direct molecular detection of R. africae and might improve the management of undifferentiated fever in travellers from Africa.

Introduction

African tick bite fever (ATBF) is an emerging infectious disease among travellers. In febrile travellers returning from sub-Saharan Africa rickettsial infections were the second most common etiology after malaria [1]. Rickettsia africae was the most frequently detected pathogen in tick-bite related diseases from Africa [2]. R. africae was first identified as a new human pathogen in 1992 [3] and since then has been isolated from ticks of different Amblyomma species from many regions across Africa [4, 5]. Most travel-associated cases of ATBF have been reported from South Africa and adjoining countries especially among game hunters [6]. So far ATBF has rarely been reported among travellers to East Africa and our patient is one of the first described cases imported from Tanzania. This fact could be explained by various vectors of R. africae, which might result in different risks of transmission. In eastern African countries R. africae is commonly found in ticks of the species Amblyomma variegatum [5], whereas in South Africa Amblyomma hebraeum is known to transmit the pathogen. Furthermore, different variants of R. africae detected in eastern Africa might be less pathogenic for humans [5, 6].
We describe a case of ATBF with direct molecular detection of R. africae by PCR from a sample obtained non-invasively from the rickettsial eschar. Considering that cases of ATBF imported from Tanzania are rarely reported, we aimed to sequence the detected R. africae to determine the exact genotype of this pathogen.

Case report

A 30-year-old woman presented with fever, chills, headache and myalgia at the outpatient ward for tropical medicine at the University Hospital of Vienna. A skin lesion on the right ankle and a swollen inguinal lymph node were noticed on physical examination. The patient had recently returned from working on a developmental aid project in the southwest of Tanzania. She had spent 2 weeks living in a small rural village and hiking through the adjoining national parks. On a trip through the Kipengere Mpanga Game Reserve she had noticed a tick bite on the right ankle and 1 week later a reddish skin lesion developed at the site of the bite. The next day the patient experienced high fever (39 °C), chills, headache, generalized myalgia and pain in the right lower limb. On the second day of fever the patient visited our outpatient ward. The laboratory analysis showed a moderate leukopenia (3.5 × 103/µl) with an otherwise unremarkable blood count and without elevation of inflammation parameters. A rapid diagnostic test and a thick blood film for malaria were negative. The skin lesion on the right ankle was typical for a rickettsial eschar (Fig. 1) and the diagnosis of ATBF was established on clinical grounds. The patient received 200 mg doxycycline daily for 9 days and the fever resolved after 2 days of treatment. Other symptoms, such as headache, muscle pain and inflammation at the site of the tick bite improved after 1 week of administering doxycycline.
For further diagnostic work-up serological testing for IgG and IgM against R. conorii was performed at initial presentation. Both the immunofluorescence assay (Focus Diagnostics, Cypress, CA) and the Weil Felix agglutination assay (DiaMondial, Sees, France) gave negative results. These serological tests are designed to detect R. conorii but may also give positive results for R. africae due to cross-reactivity. Furthermore, PCR performed on DNA extracted from an EDTA blood sample yielded a negative result for Rickettsia spp. At a follow-up visit 5 days later, the crust of the eschar was removed and two samples from the base of the lesion were taken with a dry swab to perform PCR for Rickettsia spp. At that time treatment with doxycycline had already been administered for 5 days. A serological follow-up was performed on day 17 after the tick bite and seroconversion of IgG was observed in the immunofluorescence assay (titre 1:512). For PCR testing of the eschar samples, DNA was extracted from each sample using the PeqGOLD Tissue DNA Mini Kit (Peqlab, Erlangen, Germany) and carried out according to the manufacturer’s protocol. For the detection of Rickettsia spp. samples were subjected to a real time PCR targeting the gltA gene [7]. Rickettsia DNA could be detected in one of the two swabs. To further identify the species present in the sample, additional PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene [8], 23S-5S intergenic spacer [9], gltA gene [10] and ompB gene [11] were performed as previously described. Primers and probes used are displayed in Table 1. Amplicons were purified using QIAquick PCR purification kit and Qiagen gel extraction kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) if multiple bands were observed. Purified products were sent to MWG (Eurofins, Ebersberg, Germany) for bidirectional sequencing. Consensus sequences were created and ompB fragments were assembled by using CLC Main Workbench (version 7.6). A BLAST search (http://​blast.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​Blast.​cgi) yielded a 100 % identity to R. africae strain ESF-5. The sequences obtained in this study were submitted to GenBank (accession numbers: KU721068, KU721069, KU721070, KU721071). A maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic tree (Fig. 2) for the obtained ompB sequence was constructed by using the analysis software package MEGA7 (version 7.0.14).
Table 1
Primer and probe sequences used to identify Rickettsia africae
Oligonucleotide name
Target gene
Oligonucleotide sequence (5’ → 3’)
Reference
Real time PCR
RickF
gltA gene
GGT ATA CCG TCG CAA ATG TTC AC
[7]
RickR
gltA gene
GGG TCT TCG TGCATT TCT TTC C
[7]
RickTM
gltA gene
TGT GCC ATC CAG CCT ACG GTT CTT Ga
[7]
Primers used for sequencing
Rick-F1
16S rRNA gene
GAA CGC TAT CGG TAT GCT TAA CAC A
[8]
Rick-R2
16S rRNA gene
CAT CAC TCA CTC GGT ATT GCT GGA
[8]
RCK/23-5-F
23S-5S IGS
GAT AGG TCR GRT GTG GAA GCA C
[9]
RCK/23-5-R
23S-5S IGS
TCG GGA YGG GAT CGT GTG TTT C
[9]
CS-78
gltA gene
GCA AGT ATC GGT GAG GAT GTA AT
[10]
CS-323
gltA gene
GCT TCC TTA AAA TTC AAT AAA TCA GGA T
[10]
M59
ompB (I)
CCGCAGGGTTGGTAACTGC
[11]
120-807 R
ompB (I)
CCTTTTAGATTACCGCCTAA
[11]
120-607 F
ompB (II)
AATATCGGTGACGGTCAAGG
[11]
120-1497
ompB (II)
CCTATATCGCCGGTAATT
[11]
120-1378
ompB (III)
TAAACTTGCTGACGGTACAG
[11]
120-2399
ompB (III)
CTTGTTTGTTTAATGTTACGGT
[11]
120-2113
ompB (IV)
CGATGCTAACGTAGGTTCTT
[11]
120-2988
ompB (IV)
CCGGCTATACCGCCTGTAGT
[11]
120-2788
ompB (V)
AAACAATAATCAAGGTACTGT
[11]
120-3599
ompB (V)
TACTTCCGGTTACAGCAAAGT
[11]
120-3462
ompB (VI)
CCACAGGAACTACAACCATT
[11]
120-4346
ompB (VI)
CGAAGAAGTAACGCTGACTT
[11]
aReal time PCR probe was labeled with 5’FAM and 3’TAMRA

Discussion

The diagnosis of ATBF is often based on the clinical presentation, especially on the presence of fever and one or multiple eschars. A confirmatory laboratory method is necessary to differentiate ATBF from other febrile diseases. For serological testing the immunofluorescence test is the preferred method but seroconversion usually occurs about 2–3 weeks after the tick bite; therefore, serological testing is often negative at the onset of symptoms as shown in our patient. The use of PCR on skin biopsy samples from the eschar has been proposed as a method with high sensitivity [2]; however, obtaining a skin biopsy may not be practical in certain settings. As an alternative the use of a non-invasive eschar swab has proven to be effective in several case series [1214]. The eschar crust should be removed and a dry swab circulated on the base of the eschar to yield a sufficient sample. This method also showed high acceptance among physicians and patients [15]. Both the sampling and the transport (optimal temperature 4 °C) are easy to perform for research in field conditions and therefore a good alternative to the more laborious skin biopsy [13]. In the described case one of the two eschar swabs contained sufficient material for a positive PCR result although our patient had already received treatment with doxycycline for 5 days.
In conclusion, this case confirms the usefulness of eschar swabs to detect the agent of ATBF by PCR even after starting antibiotic treatment. Finally, ATBF must be considered in febrile travellers returning from East Africa, although imported infections have rarely been reported so far from this part of Africa.
Open access funding provided by Medical University of Vienna.

Compliance with ethical guidelines

Conflict of interest

N. Harrison, H. Burgmann, C. Forstner, M. Ramharter, M. Széll, A.-M. Schötta, G. Stanek and M. Markowicz declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethical standards

All studies on humans described in this article were carried out with the approval of the responsible ethics committee and in accordance with national law and the Helsinki Declaration from 1975 (in its current revised form). The patient signed a written informed consent for the publication of this case report.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​4.​0/​), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Metadaten
Titel
Molecular diagnosis of African tick bite fever using eschar swabs in a traveller returning from Tanzania
verfasst von
Nicole Harrison
Heinz Burgmann
Christina Forstner
Michael Ramharter
Marton Széll
Anna‑Margarita Schötta
Gerold Stanek
Mateusz Markowicz
Publikationsdatum
01.08.2016
Verlag
Springer Vienna
Erschienen in
Wiener klinische Wochenschrift / Ausgabe 15-16/2016
Print ISSN: 0043-5325
Elektronische ISSN: 1613-7671
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-016-1047-0

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