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Erschienen in: Wiener klinisches Magazin 6/2014

01.12.2014 | Nephrologie

Nierenversagen bei Herzinsuffizienz und Hypervolämie

Bedeutung von Stauung und Rückwärtsversagen

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. W. Druml

Erschienen in: Wiener klinisches Magazin | Ausgabe 6/2014

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Zusammenfassung

Traditionell wird eine renale Dysfunktion bei kardialer Insuffizienz (kardiorenales Syndrom Typ 1) auf ein sog. Vorwärtsversagen zurückgeführt. Hierbei induziert eine verminderte kardiale Auswurfleistung bzw. ein erniedrigter mittlerer arterieller Druck eine komplexe neurohumorale Aktivierung, die zu einem erhöhten renalen Gefäßwiderstand und schließlich zu einer renalen Funktionsverminderung führt.
Im letzten Jahrzehnt haben mehrere Studien gezeigt, dass das Ausmaß der renalen Dysfunktion weniger mit Parametern des Vorwärtsversagen (kadialer Index, mittlerer arterieller Druck) korreliert, als vielmehr mit Stauungsindikatoren, wie dem linksventrikulären enddiastolischen Druck oder dem zentralen Venendruck (ZVD), also Parametern eines Rückwärtsversagens. Der Einfluss eines Rückwärtsversagen auf die Nierenfunktion ist jedoch keineswegs, wie häufig nahegelegt, nur auf die Erhöhung des ZVD als renaler Drainagedruck beschränkt, sondern umfasst ein breites Spektrum von Mechanismen: Beteiligt sind die Organsysteme rechtes Herz, Lunge, Leber, der Darm mit seinen proinflammatorischen Signalen, aber auch andere Faktoren, wie das renale interstitielle Ödem (sog. renales Kompartmentsyndrom) oder der intraabdominelle Druck.
Als therapeutische Konsequenz geht es um eine an die individuelle Situation des Patienten orientierte Modulation des „Preloads“, um an verschiedenen Segmenten des Tubulus ansetzende Diuretika inklusive Aldosteron- und ADH-Antagonisten, eine extrakorporale Flüssigkeitselimination mittels Ultrafiltration oder die Peritonealdialyse.
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Metadaten
Titel
Nierenversagen bei Herzinsuffizienz und Hypervolämie
Bedeutung von Stauung und Rückwärtsversagen
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. W. Druml
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2014
Verlag
Springer Vienna
Erschienen in
Wiener klinisches Magazin / Ausgabe 6/2014
Print ISSN: 1869-1757
Elektronische ISSN: 1613-7817
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00740-014-0026-1

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